tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-353451932024-03-07T21:40:37.100-05:00Invasive NotesProgram manager, policy analyst: invasive species, ecosystems, agricultural, horticultural and environmental research and bioeconomic policy consultant and advocate.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.comBlogger396125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-62273293906732518302015-03-24T19:57:00.002-04:002015-03-24T19:57:52.002-04:00Fiscal Year 2016 Outside Witness Testimony prepared for U. S. House of Representatives Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies March 23, 2015<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">James
D. Anderson, Ph.D., President, Friends
of Agricultural Research – Beltsville, Inc. (farbbusiness@yahoo.com)</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="GoBack"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Fiscal Year 2016
Outside Witness Testimony prepared for U. S. House of Representatives
Appropriations Committee, Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food
and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">March
23, 2015 <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mister Chairman and
Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for this opportunity to present our
statement supporting funding for the Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural
Research Service (ARS), and especially for its flagship research facility, <b>The</b> <b>Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center in Beltsville,
Maryland</b>.<b> Overall, the facility includes the research
operations of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center and the Beltsville
Human Nutrition Research Center. We strongly recommend full fiscal-year 2016
funding support for the research programs of</b> <b>The</b> <b>Henry A. Wallace
Beltsville Agricultural Research Center.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Beltsville research has
consistently led the way to agricultural progress for well over a century. Whether
measured as crop yield per acre, milk and meat yield per animal, or average
output per farm worker, the productivity of U.S. agriculture is among the
highest in the world. Economic analyses have found consistent evidence that dollars
invested in agricultural research return high yields per dollar spent. Net social
returns from agricultural research in the United States are estimated to be in
the order of 35 percent or more annually. Those returns include benefits not
only to the farm sector but also to the food industry and consumers in the form
of abundant commodities and food at affordable prices. Still at the threshold of its second century,
The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center stands unequalled
in scientific capability, breadth of agricultural research portfolio, and
concentration of scientific expertise. Its
location and close proximity to other Federal research agencies, the University
of Maryland and other major research and educational institutions provide a rich
opportunity for joint research activities and the leveraging of resources.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">We
turn now to selected items within the President’s FY2016 budget request. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">We
are especially pleased that the President’s budget includes $37.1 million to <b>renovate and modernize of Building 307</b>,
a recommendation that we also included in our testimony for the Fiscal Year
2015 budget. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The Henry A. Wallace
Beltsville Agricultural Research Center has moved successfully in recent years to
consolidate space and reduce costs. Further progress will be vastly aided
by the renovation of Building 307.<b>That valuable
building was vacated some years ago because of deterioration.</b> The proposed funding
will support the design and construction of laboratory space and offices needed
to consolidate research now housed in small, aging, energy-inefficient buildings
on the research campus. Approval of funding for this purpose is highly
recommended.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">We
also are very pleased the President’s Fiscal Year 2016 budget includes
increases in critically important research initiatives, which would lead to
creating new jobs, enhancing American agriculture competitiveness in the global
economy, assuring future food security, protecting crops and animals from
diseases and reducing their vulnerability to climate change, while improving the
economic and environmental sustainability of American agriculture. The scientists of the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville
Agricultural Research Center are recognized world leaders in the scientific
disciplines that are necessary to successfully execute the President’s proposed
research initiatives. Specifically, we
would like to highlight the following initiatives which would enhance the Center’s
research programs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Translational
Livestock Genetics:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The proposed budget
provides $854,450 of new funding to intensify animal production using modern
high throughput trait analyses and advanced genomic tools. The goal is to improve
genetic selection of cattle and other ruminants through integrating traditional
selection methods with modern DNA marker-based tools. New lines of animals would
have greater growth, enhanced adaptation to extreme environments, better survival,
and greater fertility. Other expected
benefits are improved efficiency of nutrient-use in dairy cattle to lower feed
costs and nutrient losses associated with milk production. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Antimicrobial
Resistance: <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The budget provides $1,800,000
of new funding to protect public health by improving our understanding how
antimicrobial resistance occurs in animals and the environment. Among expected
benefits could be novel approaches to boosting animal natural immune systems for
resistance to parasitic infections, gut stabilization against pathogens, or
novel strategies using antimicrobial growth promoters to limit the consequences
of host reactivity to pathogens, and to improve health. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Improving
Agricultural Sustainability: <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A total of $900,000 in
new funding is provided for the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural
Research Center to pursue research on benchmark watersheds, experimental
pasture lands and research farms to strengthen the long-term Agro-ecosystems
Research Network and to establish long-term experiments in agricultural
sustainability. Using remote sensing, land surface modeling and ground-based
observations, this research aims among other things to monitor the magnitude of
agricultural drought and its impact on crop condition and yield as well as
characterize the multiple-scale impacts of conservation practices on water
quality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">C<u>ombating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria:</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The budget provides $900,000
of new funding to The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center to
investigate protecting public health by preventing antibiotic resistance. This
research aims at developing genetic biotechnologies that include novel
antimicrobials for improved animal health and product safety, also for using
functional genomics to control disease in animals, particularly in
poultry. <b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pollinator
Health and Colony Collapse Disorder:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">A total of $900,000 in
new funding is requested to develop, in cooperation with <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">industry, best
management practices for beekeepers. This research uses integrated laboratory
and field approaches that among other things may lead to better diagnosis and
mitigating disease, counteracting negative impact of environmental chemicals,
and improved bee health through better nutrition. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Vertical
Farming: <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The budget has $264,546
of new funding to provide new methods and technologies for insect and disease
control related to greenhouse production.
<b><u> <o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Big
Data:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The budget also requests
$180,000 in new funding for the Center to create a new research project that
will facilitate the creation of scientific networks with shared research
strategies and build a linked data collection through the Long-term
Agro-ecosystems Research Network. Big Data is an emerging scientific field fueled
by advances in data collection, transfer, curation, sharing, storage, and
visualization. Big Data makes it possible to analyze data sets that are too
large for analysis with traditional data processing applications. The benefits can be numerous. In the environmental
sciences, this technology allows scientists to discover new correlations and
trends that may make it possible, for example, to prevent water contamination
or other undesirable environmental changes. </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In summation, Mr.
Chairman, <b>we re-confirm that The Henry
A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center has forged a well-earned,
distinguished reputation for successfully translating basic research into
agricultural and human nutrition solutions and advances that benefit all of society.
</b>Beltsville has become an indispensable national leader in the long agricultural
research continuum that allows us to become ever-better stewards of land and
water resources, to introduce new products based on agricultural commodities,
and to make food and agricultural products more affordable, safer, and more
readily abundant for all Americans. <b>Again,
we recommend full funding for research programs of The Henry A. Wallace
Beltsville Agricultural Research Center.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Mr. Chairman, this
concludes our statement. Thank you for consideration and support for the
educational, research, and outreach missions of The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville
Agricultural Research Center. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Sincerely,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">James
D. Anderson, Ph.D.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">President,
Friends of Agricultural Research-Beltsville<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-35793922169355404642014-12-27T14:24:00.002-05:002014-12-27T14:24:52.780-05:00Chestnuts and Chestnuting in Washington DC 100 years ago when there were still a few Chestnuts <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Chestnuts
and Chestnuting.</span></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
Sunday Evening Star. 27 December 1914. Washington, D.C.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The Rambler recently wrote of two
famous chestnut trees— or the stumps of two famous chestnut trees— in the
environs of Washington. One of these was
the chestnut tree in the home grounds of Conway Robinson,<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
called the Vineyard, under which [Senator] Daniel Webster and pious John Agg<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> of
Rock Creek Church where want to indulge in toddies, and the other was the
chestnut tree on the banks of the Anacostia river, beneath whose spreading
branches John Howard Payne<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and George W. Talbert of Chichester used to drink juleps. These reflections in chestnut trees bring to
Rambler's memory some very pleasant thoughts on the chestnut season now some
weeks gone. It is well understood that
the lure of the chestnut is widely felt and has called many persons into the
woods. There is fascination which a
large number of men and women cannot resist, or will not resist, not so much in
the chestnut as in chestnuting. They
like to scratch among the fallen leaves for the rich, brown, velvet-smooth and
fuzzy nuts, or pry them out of their spike-armed and satin-lined chambers, and
one chestnut found is to these persons of greater value and sweeter flavor than
half a pint bought at the corner stand. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> On the walk which the great
Washington family of wanderlusters made to the summit of Sugarloaf Mountain the
Rambler noted an incident which illustrates what has gone before. It was a long and dusty road from Dickerson
{Montgomery County, Maryland] to the base of the mountain, and the
"hikers," as they have come generally to be called, were strung out
for a mile. You're the base of the
mountain, on its southerly side, is a crossroads with a store and house called Mount
Ephraim. A little beyond that point and
off the left of the road, in a copse of chestnut trees, a young girl was
hunting, and finding, chestnuts. She was
about 12 or 13 years old. Her hair, in two
bright blonde braids, was hanging down her back. She carried her big straw hat under one arm
and with her free hand rustled among the leaves on the ground. Her big cat was brimful of chestnuts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The Rambler trying to say something
about the fun of hunting chestnuts, and the young lady asked him to have some. An invitation of that kind is not to be
resisted and she gave him a handful, and then another, and proceeded to fill
one of his coat pockets out of the bounteous store from the old straw hat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">"What is your name?" The
Rambler asked.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> "Oh! it is a hard name and you
won't be able to say it," she said in very clear, clean–cut English, but
with an accent not of this land.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> "German?" guessed the
Rambler. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> "No," said the little
maid, with a trace of indignation in her tone.
"I am Dutch. I was born in
Amsterdam [The Netherlands]. My name is Henrica
du Fries."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> That is, the name sounded very much
like "Henrica du Fries." Just
then one of the Washington women came along.
She was tired and sunburnt and her tailored skirt with yellow with dust
and her shirtwaist, which was so fresh that morning, was no longer fresh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> "Little girl, may I have some
chestnuts?" she asked, and her tone
indicated that she was prepared for a refusal.
But little Henrica came forward with a smile and that big straw hat full
of chestnuts and was going to give the strange lady as many chestnuts as she
wanted. Then the strange lady said, in a
voice that had grown 20 years younger in a minute:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> "Oh, little girl. I don't want
to take your chestnuts, but if you will just let me come in there and help you
to find some and find one for myself I will be so glad."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The child laughed and the woman,
laughed, gayly, and climbed through the old fence separating the dusty road
from the chestnut trees, and was soon scratching among the leaves and giving
out exultant little exclamations when she found the chestnut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The Rambler set up on the top rail
of the fence, and with satisfaction cracked and choose the chestnuts which he
had not found, and in course of half an hour he saw the incident of the woman
and the chestnuts repeated, with sundry modifications, half a dozen times. So he reasoned it out that it was not the
chestnuts these men and women wanted, but the fund of finding them, and that
they wanted to hunt for them because it brought back were freshened up some
pleasant memories of their childhood days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A few days later the Rambler was
passing over one of the [ ] and
sequestered paths of Rock Creek Park, far away from the tracks used by those
very ordinary mortals who ride in motor cars.
In the woods a few feet out the past a horse was tethered. He was
hitched to a sapling by his bridle rein and the stirrups were thrown across the
saddle. Down among the dry, brown leaves
stooped a grave and reverend seignior. He
is a federal judge and everybody who reads this would instantly recognize the
name. He had tied up his horse (which by
the way, is a very free and clear footed jumper) and was groping in the leaves
for chestnuts, and nibbling the sweetmeat with great satisfaction when he found
one. The Rambler tied up
"Nancy" to a tree and fell to chestnuting with the judge. And as they
scratched for the nuts the Rambler said:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> "Judge, you know Pat Joyce, the
superintendent of this part, would have apoplexy and turn in a right call if he
came on us poaching in these woods."<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> "Let him have apoplexy, but if
you hear him coming we will make our escape," said the judge. After getting a pocket full of chestnuts the
judge and the Rambler moved on through the paths of the woods, and for several
miles talked about chestnuts and horses.
Neither Congress nor the administration was mentioned once.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Not long after this incident the
Rambler was passing along that high part of the park on the backbone of land
between Rock creek and Broad branch ,
up near the jumping field. There are some chinquapin bushes and chestnut trees
up there, but, of course, the chinquapins had been stolen several weeks before. Squatting on the ground was a general in
active service, perhaps the best-known general in the city, and who rides one
of the best sorrel thoroughbreds that go over the brush hurdles, the bars and
that turf–topped stone wall in Rock Creek Park.
His wife was sitting by him. They had a knotted handkerchief full of
chestnuts which they had abstracted from this national preserve; and chicken
sandwiches. Their automobile, one of
those large,closed-in affairs with a mechanician [sic] and a footman in livery,
was standing by the roadside about 200 yards away.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> "Have some chestnuts?" Said the general.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The Rambler told him that he had
already stolen so many out of Pat Joyce's woods that he felt a little ashamed
of himself, but that he would take a sandwich if there was one left. And there was.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">"Chestnuting is great
fun," said the general with the smiling approval of his wife.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">"It's just like being children all over
again."</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> The blight<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
and the ax have destroyed thousands of chestnut trees throughout the eastern
states, but the trees that survive or an extraordinarily large crop last season.
It has been a great season for apples and chestnuts. Europe supplied many tons of chestnuts to the
United States each year, but the supply has been visibly diminished by the war
and Americans are eating native chestnuts just as sweet but not so large as the
European variety. The European chestnuts, <i>Castanea
sativa</i> is variously called the "French" chestnut, the
"Italian" chestnut and the "Spanish" chestnut. In England they call it the "sweet
chestnuts." It is native to the
mountain forests in the temperate regions of western Asia, Europe and North
Africa and has been an important article of food with the people of those regions
since recorded history began. With them it is not a tidbit to be merrily
munched as with us, but a food of which meals are made. This chestnut is grown to
some extent also in the United States. It was introduced into this country by Irenie du Pont at Wilmington Del., in 1803,<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> and
there is a record that the French chestnut was grafted on a native chestnut
tree by Thomas Jefferson at Monticello in 1773. The native chestnut is formally
known as Castanea Americana [<i>Castanea dentata</i>
(Marshall) Borkh.], and in some American chestnut grows it has been improved by
grafting from selected forms. There is another chestnut grown in the United
States which was introduced from Japan into New York State in 1876.<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Transcribed by John Peter Thompson, 27 December 2014.</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> "Conway
Robinson, jurist, legal scholar, and historian. Having practiced law in
Richmond, Robinson was a reporter in the Virginia court of appeals in
1842-1844. In 1846-1849, he took part in revision of the civil and criminal
code of Virginia, and in 1852 he was elected to represent Richmond in the House
of Delegates. In 1860 he moved to the Vineyard, his estate near Washington,
D.C. He chaired the executive committee of the Virginia Historical Society.
Conway Robinson was author of many works on law and history, including An
Account of discoveries in the West until 1519 (1848), The Principles and
practice of courts of justice in England and United States (1874) and History
of the High Court of Chancery and other institutions of England (1882)". [accessed
on 27 December 2014 from the website at: http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6x3590v].</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
see also: <u>Conway Robinson</u> Author(s): John
Selden; Source: The Virginia Law Register, Vol. 1, No. 9 (Jan., 1896), pp.
631-646; Published by: Virginia Law Review; Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1098764 .<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="background: white; color: #373737;">George W. Riggs Jr. was 29 years old
when he bought the farm of a bankrupt family friend,reporter John Agg, who had
accumulated nearly $14,000 in debt and in March 1842, he petitioned for
protection under a new federal bankruptcy law. Among his assets were a “Farm
near Rock Creek Church containing about fifty acres” which had been known as
“Wheat Yard Heights” and “Evesham Lodge.”</span><a href="http://blog.historian4hire.net/2010/11/12/lincolns-cottage/#_edn3" style="outline: 0px;"></a> [accessed 27 December 2014 at <u>William Degges, the man who built
“Lincoln’s Cottage”</u> November 2010. http://blog.historian4hire.net/2010/11/12/lincolns-cottage/]
</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> John Howard Payne was born in East Hampton,
Long Island, NY on June 9, 1791. n June of 1813, Payne went to England and was
the first American actor to invade the British stage. A contemporary noted of
Payne’s appearance: "Nature bestowed upon him a countenance of no common order,
and though there was a roundness and fairness which but faintly express strong
turbulent emotions or display the furious passions, these defects were supplied
by an eye which glowed with animation and intelligence. A more extraordinary
mixture of softness and intelligence were never associated in a human
countenance, and his face was a true index of his heart." <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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While living in London and Paris, Payne began writing
dramas. He also contributed to several operas, in particular, produced by Sir
Henry Bishop entitled Clari, the Maid of Milan. This opera included the Payne’s
composition “Home, Sweet Home”, written in 1822 and first sung in Covent
Garden, England in 1823. After the popularity of the song spread throughout the
world and Bishop claimed that in editing the song for Clari he created new
music for Payne’s lyrics. This was recognized both popularly and officially and
Payne never did receive royalties for his contribution to the song. [access from
John Howard Payne. at the website: http://www.songwritershalloffame.org/exhibits/C201]
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
"Home, Sweet Home!" (1823) — A Victorian
parlour song sung by Derek B. Scott: http://www.victorianweb.org/mt/parlorsongs/2.html</div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The park remained under the Board of Control
until 1918, when Congress made it and its Piney Branch Parkway adjunct part of
the park system of the District of Columbia. On September 16 of that year the
park was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Office of Public Buildings and
Grounds, which had managed the District park system since 1867. Its officer in
charge, Col. Clarence S. Ridley, reported to the Army chief of engineers. [11]
Grabill, attached to the office of the District engineer commissioner, was
separated from the park, but his staff on the ground stayed. It was headed by
Patrick Joyce, who had been appointed foreman in 1910, and then included three
skilled laborers, a wagon boss, and nine unskilled hands. [An Administrative
History-The Park Managers. accessed at http://www.nps.gov/rocr/historyculture/adhi2a.htm].</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> "Before the turn of the century, the
eastern half of the United States was dominated by the American chestnut.
Because it could grow rapidly and attain huge sizes, the tree was often the
outstanding visual feature in both urban and rural landscapes. The wood was
used wherever strength and rot-resistance was needed. In colonial America,
chestnut was a preferred species for log cabins, especially the bottom
rot-prone foundation logs. Later posts, poles, flooring, and railroad ties were
all made from chestnut lumber. The edible nut was also a significant
contributor to the rural economy. Hogs and cattle were often fattened for
market by allowing them to forage in chestnut-dominated forests. Chestnut
ripening coincided with the Thanksgiving-Christmas holiday season, and
turn-of-the-century newspaper articles often showed train cars filled to
overflowing with chestnuts rolling into major cities to be sold fresh or
roasted. The American chestnut was truly a heritage tree.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
All of this began to change at or slightly before the
turn of the century with the introduction of <i>Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal</i> agent of chestnut blight. This
disease reduced the American chestnut from its position as the dominant tree
species in the eastern forest to little more than an early-succession-stage
shrub." [Background on American chestnut and chestnut blight. accessed at http://www.esf.edu/chestnut/background.htm].</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> It would be neither safe nor advisable to
attempt to give the exact date at which seedlings or nuts of the European
chestnut or Spanish Chestnut as it was popularly called were first planted in
American soil. Certain it is however that the introduction took place nearly a
century ago and that imported trees have been bearing fruit in this country for
over fifty years. It was in the region around Philadelphia Pa Wilmington Del
and Trenton NJ that the first general introduction took place and from here has
occurred the eventual dissemination of the different varieties to other arts of
the country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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The initial introduction of foreign nuts was not as
would be expected the work of horticulturists who wished to propagate them for
economic purposes but the result of efforts made by wealthy individuals to
secure rare and interesting trees adapted fo r planting on their new world
estates. To the French "Marrons" is accorded the credit of being
among the first to introduce the European chestnut. Irenee Dupont the founder
of the now famous powder mills bearing his name was a recipient as early as
1802 of chestnut seed and young trees from France. Most of the seed failed to
grow but records show that a few trees became established in his garden and
flourished for years no doubt serving as a center of distribution for the
surrounding country.</div>
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[accessed from .Ernest Albert Sterling. 1905. Chestnut
culture in northeastern United States. J.B. Lyon co.]</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Chestnuts%20and%20Chestnuting.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The
blight fungus disease was first observed in the U.S. killing American chestnuts
(<i>Castanea dentata</i>) in 1904. It has
been widely accepted since that humans brought the disease to the US from Asia
on imported chestnut trees. The first sighting of the fungus was at the Bronx
Zoo, New York City. From there, the disease spread like fire throughout the
eastern states, and across the entire natural range of the American chestnut.
By the 1920s, the disease had even reached southern Ontario, and by the 1930s,
the entire stock of American chestnuts was infected, with most of them dying.
By 1940, over three and a half billion American chestnuts had been lost to the
fungus. In less than four decades, a dominant American tree species had been
converted to a threatened species. [accessed from Chestnut Blight Fungus (<i>Cryphonectria parasitica</i>) http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Cryphonectria_parasitica.htm]. </div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-30422690838137670962014-11-08T12:36:00.000-05:002014-11-08T12:36:11.516-05:00John Peter Thompson, member of the National Invasive Species Council Advisory Committee (NISC ISAC) to attend meeting in Texas November 2014.<div class="MsoNormal">
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John Peter
Thompson, @InvasiveNotes, will be traveling to San Antonio, Texas, to attend a
meeting of the US National Invasive Species Council Advisory Committee (ISAC). Mr. Thompson was appointed to ISAC in 2003, and was re-appointed in 2014 to another three year term (2009-2014). He has
served as Secretary and Vice Chair of ISAC in his past service (2003-2008). </div>
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ISAC members are not paid for their service. Its
expertise represents a wide variety of interests from academia, industry, and
the private sector. Chartered under the
Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), ISAC generally holds at least two
meetings per year one of which is in Washington, DC. The Invasive Species Advisory Committee (ISAC) is a group of non-federal experts and stakeholders established and mandated by Executive Order (EO) 13112 to provide advice to The National Invasive Species Council (NISC) on invasive species-related issues. </div>
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Mr. Thompson is currently under contract with the University of Maryland and the State of Maryland Department of Agriculture to provide risk assessments of garden plants for the Maryland Invasive Plant Advisory Committee. <span style="line-height: 150%;">Mr.
Thompson is a contributing author to ISAC's Invasive Species White Paper (</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.invasivespecies.gov/ISAC/White%20Papers/ISAC_Definititions_White_Paper_FINAL_VERSION.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Definitions White Paper (April 2006)</span></a></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">) as well as the draft
author of the ISAC White Paper on Climate Change and Invasive Species (</span><span style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.invasivespecies.gov/ISAC/White%20Papers/Climate_Change_White_Paper_FINAL_VERSION.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Climate Change White Paper (December 2010)</span></a>. His recent publications include a chapter in, <u><a href="http://www.cabi.org/bookshop/book/9781780641645">Invasive Species and
Global Climate Change</a></u>.</span></div>
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Invasive
species are plants, animals and diseases that are not indigenous (native) to a
landscape or community, and that once established, begin to spread causing
economic or aesthetic loss, or harm to human, animal or plant health. Invasive species
are said to cost the US taxpayers over 130 billion dollars a year to control,
manage, or eradicate. The aforementioned definition white paper notes that
"Complications concerning the concept of invasive species arise from
differing human values and perspectives. Differing perceptions of the relative
harm caused or benefit gained by a particular organism are influenced by
different values and management goals. If invasive species did not cause harm,
we would not be nearly as concerned. Perceptions of relative benefit and harm
also may change as new knowledge is acquired, or as human values or management
goals change.".</div>
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This year, Mr. Thompson will serve as Acting Chair of the ISAC Research Subcommittee. Participants in the subcommittees are from Federal and non-federal entities, and are mandated by FACA to report to the full ISAC. </div>
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<b style="color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.8181819915771px;"><u> AGENDA for SC meetings Nov. 12 and Nov. 14, 2014</u></b></div>
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1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>APHIS biocontrol programs</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Information received</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Request for more detailed information from APHIS - update</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.8181819915771px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Systematics budget information from HIGHLIGHTS USDA Report to ISAC Winter 2014</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>ARS budget systematics</div>
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<span style="color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ARS Systematics Funding:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">FY10 - $ 20,455 million</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">FY11 Repor - $ 20,578 million</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">FY12 - $ 20,398 million</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Enacted FY13 - $ 19,155 million</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">FY14 - $ 22,388 million</span></div>
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<span style="color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">FY15 – To be determined</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.8181819915771px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 1in; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>ARS scientist years in systematics invasive species research</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.8181819915771px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 1in; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.8181819915771px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 1in; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>New APHIS efforts in systematics FY14</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.8181819915771px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>“<a href="http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr-nrs-p-75papers/08diaz-soltero-p-75.pdf" target="_blank">Protecting America’s economy, environment, health, and security against invasive species requires a strong Federal Program in Systematics Biology</a>” (2008) </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.8181819915771px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 1in; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Short presentation (Hilda)</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.8181819915771px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 1in; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Discussion</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.8181819915771px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 1in; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Potential ISAC Research SC recommendations: </div>
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4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Invasive Species Database standards</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Proposal by Chuck Bergeron: state of the topic; what is needed; what is ISAC’s role? Proposal is to develop white paper to encourage use of standards across agency and external programs</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Discussion</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.8181819915771px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Proposal of National Invasive Species Research Center</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.8181819915771px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 1in; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Discussion</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #1a2a37; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11.8181819915771px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-left: 1in; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>SC recommendation</div>
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6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>Ask PECAST to look at Systematics</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.8181819915771px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; margin-top: 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-34113435862759079732014-05-17T06:57:00.002-04:002014-05-17T06:57:48.527-04:00Link to: "Scientific Collections: Mission-Critical Infrastructure for Federal Science Agencies"<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/sci-collections-report-2009-rev2.pdf">Scientific Collections:</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/sci-collections-report-2009-rev2.pdf">Mission-Critical Infrastructure for Federal Science Agencies</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/sci-collections-report-2009-rev2.pdf">A Report of the</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/sci-collections-report-2009-rev2.pdf">Interagency Working Group on Scientific Collections</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/sci-collections-report-2009-rev2.pdf">(IWGSC)</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
1</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
ISBN 978-0-9819500-0-6</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
(IWGSC)</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
1</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
ISBN 978-0-9819500-0-6</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-38753881661936614002014-05-02T06:50:00.001-04:002014-05-20T06:39:19.886-04:00Invasive Plants What Follows Success - YouTube<b>Click on link to view</b> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1ntn75E69Q&feature=youtu.be">Invasive Plants What Follows Success - YouTube</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Invasive Plants: What Follows Success</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">by Jon Peter Thompson</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Originally Presented on Feb 19, 2014 as part of the free </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">webinar series "A Focus on Sustainability" geared to landscape professionals. The series is presented through collaboration of the Ecological Landscape Alliance (ELA), the Chesapeake Conservation Landscaping Council (CCLC), the Midwest Ecological Landscape Alliance (MELA), & EcoLandscape California (ELC). Known regionally for their quality education programs, these organizations are working cooperatively to share knowledge and encourage conversations with landscape professionals from around the country and the globe.</span><br />
<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;">Presentation Summary: Many projects designed to control and eliminate invasive species meet with success only to find that an unintended consequence of success results in new infestations and unexpected problems. Invasive Plants: What Follows Success reviews the concepts and strategies that are used to deal with the successful removal of invasive species and the prevention of the establishment and spread of new species that arise when necessary actions that follow success are not taken into consideration prior to control efforts.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px;"><br /></span>
<b>Click on link to view</b> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1ntn75E69Q&feature=youtu.be">Invasive Plants What Follows Success - YouTube</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-86158195280668238052014-04-22T19:53:00.001-04:002014-04-22T19:53:45.274-04:00California invasives - Nursery Management<a href="http://www.nurserymag.com/grn-california-invasives.aspx">California invasives - Nursery Management</a><br /><br />
<br /><br />
John Peter Thoimpson<br /><br />
<br /><br />
Interviewed by Nursery ManagementAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-56563551193272136522014-03-02T17:29:00.003-05:002014-03-02T17:29:56.385-05:00March 10th 2014 - Silver Spring Garden Club - OLD SEED HOUSES AND PLANT NURSERIES IN THE MID-ATLANTIC<div class="MsoNormal">
I am giving a talk to the Silver Spring Garden Club on March 10th on the nursery
industry of 18th and 19th century America. I will show examples of nursery
catalogs, the originals of which are located in the National Agricultural
Library in Beltsville, Maryland. I shalll discuss some of the local
nurseries such as William Booth's nursery in Baltimore and Joshua Pearce's
nursery in Rock Creek, Washington, DC. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I shall also show examples of
nursery catalogs from the Golden Age of ornamental gardening, 1870 to 1910, discussing the intersection between horticulture and agriculture in the 18th
century and the divergence of horticulture into commercial crops, such as
vineyards and orchards, and ornamental landscaping as we currently understand
it.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Please contact Club President: Kathy Jentz Laserblast 'at' aol.com for details</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-87507496038743872362014-02-02T08:37:00.000-05:002014-02-02T08:37:28.674-05:00John Peter Thompson Interview - Ornamental Invasives - Nursery Management <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 17.01446533203125px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 17.01446533203125px;">We spoke with John Peter Thompson of the National Invasive Species Council Advisory Committee (ISAC) about stalwart ornamental plants you may be growing that have invasive characteristics. Part one of a series. This podcast focuses on problem plants east of the Mississippi, excluding Florida.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 17.01446533203125px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 17.01446533203125px;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 17.01446533203125px;"><b><a href="http://www.nurserymag.com/invasive-plants-east.aspx">ORNAMENTAL INVASIVES</a></b></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-82802039432947314212014-02-01T20:06:00.000-05:002014-02-01T20:06:02.962-05:00USDA APHIS-PPQ species intercept report to Maryland Invasive Species Council (MISC) January 2014<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
The
<a href="http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/">Maryland Invasive Species Council (MISC)</a>
meets every other month throught the year.
MISC provides leadership concerning invasive species and encourages
efforts that prevent the introduction of, and manage the impact of, invasive
species on Maryland ecosystems. MISC members include federal, state and local
government as well as private industry and non-profit groups.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/about_aphis/programs_offices/plant_protection/">USDA
APHIS-PPQ</a> Baltimore makes available to MISC members, and therefore the
public at-large, information about non-indigenous, and possibly invasive
species interceptions. APHIS-PPQ reports regularly to MISC about its efforts to
safeguard agriculture and natural resources from the entry, establishment, and
spread of animal and plant pests and noxious weeds into the United States of
America supporting, thereby, trade and exports of U.S. agricultural products.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
At
the January 2014 meeting of MISC, APHIS-PPQ described the following port-of-entry
invasive species intercepts.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Pentatomidae/Pentatomidae_images/dolycoris_baccarum_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Pentatomidae/Pentatomidae_images/dolycoris_baccarum_2.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Adult </span><i style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;">Dolycoris baccarum</i><span style="font-size: x-small;">: Norfolk (May 2008) ©Tristan Bantock</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span id="goog_2055414241"></span><span id="goog_2055414242"></span> The stinkbug [need I say more] <i>Dolycoris
baccarum, </i>the Hairy Shieldbug or Sloe Bug, a species of shield bug of western Mediterranean
origin in the family Pentatomidae<i>. </i>was intercepted in a shipment of tiles
from Italy. Also know as the berry bug, <i>D.
baccarum</i> is a threat to strawberries, artichokoes, potatoes, tobacco,
cereals tp name but a few crops. This
pests has not been found in Norfolk since early 2009.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i><br /></i>
<i>Dolichoderus
quadripiunctatus </i>was intercepted at the port of Baltimore for the first time and it was
only the second time this species has been intercepted
entering the US <span style="line-height: 150%;">(first interception: Seattle 2009).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A scale identified by the national
specialist as <i>Palmaspis sp. </i>(Asterolecaniidae) was intercepted on <i>Arenga
sp. </i>from Jamaica. This is the first time this genus
has been <span style="line-height: 150%;">intercepted at BWI.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<i>Tetraleurodes
andropogoni </i>was intercepted again by the port of Baltimore. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=35345193" name="skip"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">T.andropogoni, a type of whitefly, had been found earl;ier in
2013 during an inspection of fresh leaves found inside of a traveler’s luggage carried
by a passenger originating from Nigeria and arriving from the United Kingdom in
Baltimore on March 10, 2013.. CBP seized the infested leaves and forwarded a
specimen to a USDA- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) - Plant
Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) entomologist for identification. The remaining
leaves were then destroyed by incineration. </span></a> Baltimore continues to be the only port in the
US that has intercepted this pest.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
A caterpillar was found in a shipment of
Tulip popular from Chile. The caterpillar was identified as <i>Elaphria
sp. </i>There are more than 100 species of <i>Elaphria </i>described<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
however very few of the caterpillars are
known. According to Olivares <i>et al. Elaphria bucephalina </i>is the only
species known from Chile.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.zin.ru/animalia/coleoptera/images/foto/Byctiscus-betulae.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.zin.ru/animalia/coleoptera/images/foto/Byctiscus-betulae.jpg" height="200" width="148" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Byctiscus betulae (Linnaeus, 1758)<br /> Atlas of beetles of Russia<br /> Photo by K.A. Grebennikov<br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Two male and two female <i>Byctiscus
betulae </i>(Attelabidae) were found in a shipment of tile from Italy at the Port
of Norfolk. This is the first time this species has been found entering the US. This pest is a leaf
roller that is reported to feed on <i>Betula sp.</i>, <i>Populus
tremula </i>and occasionally S<i>alix sp.</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
The hopper <i>Neophilaenus
</i>sp.
Aphrophoridae (previously Cercopidae) was intercepted for the first time at the
port of Norfolk and only the second time nation wide.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Another stinkbug, <i>Eysarcoris ventralis, </i>was intercepted for the first
time in 2 years in the Mid‐Atlantic and only the second time by Norfolk CBP
(first Nov. 2008).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
The snail <i>Xerotricha conspurcata </i>was intercepted in the Mid‐Atlantic
region 76 times in<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
2013 (41 Baltimore, 35
Norfolk).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-80278135581380347042013-11-17T18:23:00.000-05:002013-11-17T18:24:10.513-05:00Highly invasive Pennisetum purpureum, aka Giant King Grass, as requested by Richard R. Rodriguez, CPA in a comment post request<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/htms/npsapln2/images/poaceae/Pennisetum_purpureum_habop7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/htms/npsapln2/images/poaceae/Pennisetum_purpureum_habop7.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Pennisetum purpureum </i>(Schumach. 1827)<br />
NPS photo by National Tropical Botanical Gardens</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Richard R. Rodriguez, CPA, asked me to post his comment on my
blog from October 09, 2012 <a href="http://ipetrus.blogspot.com/2012/10/pennisetum-purpureum-biofuel-ornamental.html">Pennisetum
purpureum - Biofuel, ornamental specimen, invasive species, weed with a
tendency towards hybrid cultivars with common names like Napier grass or king
grass</a>, <o:p></o:p></div>
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Normally I would just post his comment, but given the nature of hiscomments, I thought he was owed a more detailed response.</div>
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Here are his comments: </div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>"Need more information from your research to agree with your statements.
Giant King Grass is NOT invasive.Giant King Grass actually has 80% of its roots
mass in the top 18 to 24” of the soil. The other 20% are small hair like roots
that can ...go deeper and break down each year and regenerate new roots. In
summary, very little of the root system is deeper than 24”. The roots could
never get to an aquifer. A major benefit of GKG is its ability to stop run off
water and erosion loss of surface water that would normally run into the ocean". </i></blockquote>
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Mr. Rodriguez, CPA, in his request for more information on
this invasive plant mentions root depth which is not part of any weed risk
assessment currently used in the United States (or for that matter anywhere
else I know about).</div>
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Here, then is the information from the University of Hawai'i's risk assessment of the highly invasive
species <i>Pennisetum purpureum</i> (Schumach.
1827) as requested by Mr. Richard R. Rodriguez, CPA:</div>
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4.01 Produces
spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n No
evidence of spines, thorns or burrs. Wagner,W.
L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of
Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.02 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n Not allelopathic. http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.03 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n No
evidence. <o:p></o:p></div>
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4.04 Unpalatable
to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n (1)Medium
palatability. (2)The grass is valued for its … palatability…' (1)http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi (2)Bogdan, A.V. 1977. Tropical pasture and
fodder plants. Longman, London<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.05 Toxic to
animals y=1, n=0 n "(1)Not
toxic. (2)Seiler et al. (1979) report
fatal nitrate poisonings in cattle whose diet consisted solely of Napier grass.
Levels of nitrate averaged 28.3 mg/g with some samples as high as 44 mg which
levels in the same species from non-toxic areas was 3.9 mg/g. (due to grown in
soil with excessive N) 3)It is one of the most valuable forage, soilage and
silage crops in the wet tropics <o:p></o:p></div>
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" (1)http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi
(2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pennisetum_purpureum.html#Toxicity
3)http://www.ecoport.org/default.htm<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.06 Host for
recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n This
website lists 88 species of fungi that are found on P. purpureum (only a few
generalists are economically important.) http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.07 Causes
allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1,
n=0 n No evidence. <o:p></o:p></div>
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4.08 Creates a
fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1,
n=0 Not fire
resistant and high fire tolerance. http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.09 Is a shade
tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1,
n=0 n Shade intolerant. http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.1 Tolerates a
wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic
island) y=1, n=0 y 1)
It is a rapid colonizer of disturbed areas and prospers in a broad range of
conditions. 2)Requires a rich soil 3)However, it will also grow on poorly
drained soils to dry sandy soils of low fertility. 1) http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/mcplnt1p.html
2)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pennisetum_purpureum.html
3)http://www.ecoport.org/default.htm<o:p></o:p></div>
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4.11 Climbing or
smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n No
evidence. Not a vine. <o:p></o:p></div>
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4.12 Forms dense
thickets y=1, n=0 y 'Forms dense perennial stands, difficult to
penetrate, which inhibits establishment of other vegetation.' http://www.hear.org/pier/pepur.htm<o:p></o:p></div>
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5.01 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n Semi-aquatic
grass http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/mcplnt1p.html<o:p></o:p></div>
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5.02 Grass y=1, n=0 y Perennial grass. http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi<o:p></o:p></div>
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5.03 Nitrogen
fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n <o:p></o:p></div>
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5.04 Geophyte
(herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n <o:p></o:p></div>
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6.01 Evidence of
substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n No evidence. <o:p></o:p></div>
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6.02 Produces
viable seed. y=1, n=-1 y if
grown from seed, it is started in a nursery and transplanted http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pennisetum_purpureum.html<o:p></o:p></div>
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6.03 Hybridizes
naturally y=1, n=-1 (1)P. purpureum hybridizes with P.
americanum readily under artificial conditions. No evidence of natural
hybridization. (2) 'Many cultivars and
hybrids occur, a well known example is Banagrass, a cross with P. glaucum.' -
again no evidence that this occurs naturally. Bogdan,
A.V. 1977. Tropical pasture and fodder plants. Longman, London<o:p></o:p></div>
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6.04 Self-compatible
or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y A
selfed progeny of the 'Merkeron' cultivar was produced (also, likely to be
apomictic) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-294.html#Napiergrass<o:p></o:p></div>
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6.05 Requires
specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n Probably
not. Most grasses are wind pollinated - the flower morphology does not reveal
adaptation to a specialist pollinator. <o:p></o:p></div>
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6.06 Reproduction
by vegetative fragmentation y=1,
n=-1 y is sometimes stoloniferous with a creeping rhizome.
(sreads slowly this way) http://www.ecoport.org/default.htm<o:p></o:p></div>
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6.07 Minimum
generative time (years) 1
year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 See
left 1 R. Criley, UH department of
Horticulture (but assessment was given with low confidence, could required 2
years) <o:p></o:p></div>
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7.01 Propagules
likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked
areas) y=1, n=-1 n Propagules
do not have any means of attachment. <o:p></o:p></div>
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7.02 Propagules
dispersed intentionally by people y=1,
n=-1 y Pasture grass, sometimes grown as an ornamental. <o:p></o:p></div>
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7.03 Propagules
likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1,
n=-1 y "Weed: potential seed contaminant (fide Weed
CIBA)<o:p></o:p></div>
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(Stalks are cut and transported for feeding livestock. Some
seeds are likely transported (accidentally) in the process)" http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?27208<o:p></o:p></div>
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7.04 Propagules
adapted to wind dispersal y=1,
n=-1 y plumose spikelets <o:p></o:p></div>
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7.05 Propagules
water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n <o:p></o:p></div>
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7.06 Propagules
bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n <o:p></o:p></div>
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7.07 Propagules
dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1,
n=-1 n Propagules do not have any means of attachment. <o:p></o:p></div>
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7.08 Propagules
survive passage through the gut y=1,
n=-1 n No evidence. <o:p></o:p></div>
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8.01 Prolific seed
production (>1000/m2) y=1,
n=-1 n 'Pennisetum purpureum produces, with occasional
exception little or no seed, …' Bogdan,
A.V. 1977. Tropical pasture and fodder plants. Longman, London<o:p></o:p></div>
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8.02 Evidence that
a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n (1)Caryposis 2 mm long. (2)'Pennisetum purpureum produces, with
occasional exception little or no seed, …'3)Does not readily produce viable
seed in many countries, (1)Wagner,W.
L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of
Hawaii.University of Hawaii at Press.
(2)Bogdan, A.V. 1977. Tropical pasture and fodder plants. Longman,
London 3)http://www.fleppc.org/pdf/Pennisetum%20purpureum.pdf<o:p></o:p></div>
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8.03 Well
controlled by herbicides y=-1,
n=1 y "(1)Foliar application of 1%-3% Roundup Pro. If
non-target damage is a concern, cut stems to ground level and allow sprouts to
reach 8-12 inches and treat the same as Neyraudia above. Broadcast 3-5
quart/acre Roundup Pro, 2 quart/acre Arsenal, or 1 quart Arsenal and 2 quart
Roundup Pro.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(2)The herbicide glyphosate provides acceptable control in
aquatic sites " (1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_WG209#TABLE_1 (2)http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/mcplnt1p.html<o:p></o:p></div>
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8.04 Tolerates, or
benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1,
n=-1 y 1) No resprout ability. 2)Resprouts easily from small
rhizomes left after mechanical control 3) regrows following frequent clipping
(harvesting for animal fodder) 1)
http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi
2)http://www.fleppc.org/pdf/Pennisetum%20purpureum.pdf
3)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pennisetum_purpureum.html<o:p></o:p></div>
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8.05 Effective
natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Biological
controls for napier grass are unknown in Florida. http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/mcplnt1p.html<o:p></o:p></div>
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Total
score: 16 -> Highly Invasive</div>
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<br />
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Risk assessment from University of Hawai'i </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-3308081547045628342013-10-23T11:26:00.001-04:002013-10-23T11:26:29.880-04:00Inspecting Invaders by Robert Davison - A new Blog about Invasive Species<div class="MsoNormal">
When I
started this blog in 2006, there were few places to go to find information and
more importantly, explanations about invasive species and their impacts. There
were, of course, technical websites and list-serves with detailed information,
but there were few entryways for the general public to support a high level understanding
of the effects of invasive species on the landscapes of the immediate ecosystem
in which they were encountered.</div>
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<br /></div>
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A new
blog has caught my attention for its deft use of metaphor that brings an additional
way of clearly understanding the complex issues that surround invasive species.
<a href="http://inspectinginvaders.blogspot.com/">Inspecting Invaders</a> has
but three postings so far, but each is worth a read. The blog author, Robert
Davison, chooses a feature of invasion ecology, and subjects using metaphor and
fact to examination succinctly bring home the salient impact of invasive
species. "<i>Imagine you're about to
race Usain Bolt</i>" is an unlikely sentence in any description of
invasion biology, but surely grabs your attention because it is so improbable a
start to explaining invasive species establishment and the impact of spread.</div>
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I hope Mr.
Davison continues his work, and this blog, and continues his investigations and
clear explications of the many facets of invasive species biology and policy. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Check
out his blog and encourage him to do more!</div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
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<a href="http://inspectinginvaders.blogspot.com/">http://inspectinginvaders.blogspot.com/</a>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-89006835111632915662013-09-20T10:32:00.000-04:002013-09-20T10:34:19.515-04:00Challenge of Ecosystem Conservation and Sustainability Rests with Relatively Affluent People<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> What if the challenge of
ecosystem conservation and sustainability actually rest with the relatively
affluent people who already live here that are ruining the Chesapeake Bay, and
not the world's masses fleeing oppression and seeking a better life (v. </span><span style="color: #004466; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-09-03/news/bs-ed-immigration-environment-20130830_1_immigration-reform-population-current-bill">Immigration
is an environmental issue <span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;">September 03, 2013| By Tom
Horton</span></a></span><span style="background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #003344; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; padding: 0in;">)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> ? <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> Fred Tutman, the <a href="http://www.paxriverkeeper.org/">Patuxent Riverkeeper</a> asks, "Isn't
it the technologically advanced nations that contribute most to the loss of
greenhouse gasses and create climate effects that give rise to drought, famine
and floods? Aren't some immigrants refugees of ecological catastrophes in their
own homelands?" <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> Tutman has given me
permission to post his comments in full.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> "I think that if
the Bay were populated primarily by immigrant populations it would possible be
better off than than under the current population and regime that seeks to
preserve a certain social status qou (albeit while cleaning up the trash and
saving turtles) instead of seeking ways to share our natural resource wealth
with those humans less fortunate than ourselves.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> When we speak of "population" in abstract terms
it gives rise to why some detractors see environmentalists as lacking in
compassion. We appear to be all about protecting the earth without much stomach
for addressing the plight of its human population--aside from assessing how
surplus populations threaten our 1st world incumbency.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-line-height-alt: 11.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> So not only is population a tough subject, it is one
potentially laden with classist significance depending on who is doing the
finger pointing and making the policy recommendations. That's all I was trying
to convey. That the Chesapeake Bay is perhaps not the best illustrator of forum
for population concerns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> The troubling thing that I have learned after ten years
of Riverkeeping is that the movement to address this problem (i.e poverty,
population etc), has almost nothing at all to do with the "Save the
Bay" cause movement as currently configured. In fact "Baysavers"
will for the most part struggle to keep the focus on natural resources rather
than on human impacts and problems. So, the aim to save crabs and oysters has
managed cheerfully (and sadly) to isolate itself from much striving to restore
justice and fairness to actual people and communities. The more I travel and
interact with other environmentalists outside of the Bay States, the more I
realize how ideologically parochial our regional movement has become. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Moreover, because of who generally funds and controls
environmental movements in our society, there is far more interest in saving
nature than in protecting the oppressed and those with few hopes of
environmental decency or dignity-- or for that matter very little bandwidth for
expanding our potential as humans who live in a natural world. We'll
"educate" folks before we will use our powers of activism to help
them acquire a living in a decent environment. The mere mention of the
term "environmental justice" conjures up visions of minorities or
civil rights which many in our movement see as way "off message" for
"the Bay" or at least a separate and far less fundable movement.
Actually these themes are much more fundamental and complex and really
hard to control. In fact, they are problems way bigger in scope than the
primary focus of Tom Horton's article (the Bay).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> My overall point is, changing the dialogue or its frame
of reference generally alters who gets to control the messaging and who reaps
the benefits of our efforts. So for me at least, this is ultimately just as
much about freeing the minds of those with the most influence over what we
regard as "environmentalism" and challenging entitlements. By the
way, I have noted that while 1% funders do not always directly tell us what we
can and cannot work on, nonetheless funding considerations often severely limit
the range of ideas and themes many of us are willing to consider.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> While my ideas are not at all fixed on any of these
points, I am always eager to find ways to look at environmental problems with a
different lens. The old one hasn't work as well as I might like."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Environmental justice is a major
issue that rarely comes up in ecosystem discussions, a fact about which I have
commented in 2008 in a blog post on this site: <a href="http://ipetrus.blogspot.com/2008/01/minority-involvement-in-environmental.html">Minority
involvement in environmental conversations</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-42159594593109018552013-09-17T10:18:00.002-04:002013-09-17T10:22:56.967-04:00Beefsteak plant, (Perilla frutescens), a Growing Control Problem<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/okwild/images/beefsteak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="168" src="http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/okwild/images/beefsteak.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beefsteak plant flower<br />
<a href="http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/okwild/beefsteak.html">http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/okwild/beefsteak.html</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Natural
areas, parks and woods of the Lower Chesapeake Bay have yet another early detection
of a non indigenous, alien species. <i>Perilla frutescens</i> (L.) Britton 1894, [synonyms:
<i>Ocimum frutescens </i>L.; <i>Perilla ocymoides</i> L.] beefsteak plant,
has been found to be spreading beyond Maryland's cultivated, managed gardens
and landscapes. Escaped from gardens in New York as early as 1898, it was
reported as a weed of wastelands.<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Natural%20areas%20Perilla%2009-%606-2013.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Bernard McMahon, the great American
horticulturalist, was selling <i>Perilla</i>
seed as early as 1804.<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Natural%20areas%20Perilla%2009-%606-2013.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Marc
Imlay, the great weed warrior, has been weeding <i>Perilla</i> from parks in Maryland since 1998.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Natural%20areas%20Perilla%2009-%606-2013.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Natural%20areas%20Perilla%2009-%606-2013.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span> </div>
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Beefsteak
plant also known as Chinese basil; purple or perilla mint, is described on the <a href="http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/b761/perilla-frutescens.aspx">Missori
Botanical Garden website</a> as</div>
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"an upright, bushy annual that
is native from the Himalayas to Southeast Asia. It is related to coleus and
basil. It has become a very popular foliage annual and salad herb plant. It
grows to 1-3’ (less frequently to 4’) tall. Wrinkled, serrate, broad ovate,
medium green leaves (to 4” long) are sometimes tinged with purple. Leaves are
aromatic. Two-lipped nettle-like white flowers in spike-like inflorescences (to
4”) bloom at the stem tips in late summer and fall (August – October). Flowers
are not particularly showy. This plant has escaped gardens and naturalized
throughout many areas of the eastern and central U. S., including central and
southern Missouri. Fresh leaves are used in Oriental cooking, salads, soups and
as garnishes. Deep red leaves of some perilla varieties purportedly resemble
the color of uncooked beef, hence the common name."</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://plants.usda.gov/maps/large/PE/PEFR4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="165" src="http://plants.usda.gov/maps/large/PE/PEFR4.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">USDA Plants - spread of Purilla frutescens<br />
<a href="http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=pefr4">http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=pefr4</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Perilla
frutescens is reported as invasive in DC, IL, MD, MO, PA, TN, VA,<o:p></o:p></div>
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and WV and occurring in all states east of Colorado, parts of Canada, as well as the State of Washington on the west coast (excluding, for now, the Dakotas). The Forest Service (USDA) is aware that
beefsteak plant is often planted as showy ornamentals, that </div>
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"may readily escape
cultivation, spreading to disturbed areas where they disrupt native ecosystems.
The species has toxic characteristics and very few predators. It is ordinarily
avoided by cattle and has been implicated in cattle poisoning. Plants are most
toxic if cut and dried for hay late in the summer, during seed production. One reason
for beefsteak plants’ survival in pastures is that cattle avoid it. Sold as a
salad plant for its dark purple foliage, this member of the mint family is
extremely invasive by wind-borne seeds."<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Natural%20areas%20Perilla%2009-%606-2013.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Natural%20areas%20Perilla%2009-%606-2013.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/poison/plants/slides00/slides2/peri1big.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/poison/plants/slides00/slides2/peri1big.jpg" width="217" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Chinese basil or perilla mint - Perilla frutescens<br />
<a href="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/poison/plants/ppperil.htm">http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/poison/plants/ppperil.htm</a></td></tr>
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<a href="http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/BP/WS-43-W.pdf">Purdue Extension
Service website</a> control recommendations include "...pulling or digging
it up, mowing it, or using herbicides. 2,4-D, Milestone®, Forefront®, Weedmaster®,
and glyphosate." Dr. Imlay, however,
notes an ominous sign that control of <i>Perilla
frutescens</i>, as well as control of Japanese stiltgrass, <i>Microsteigum virineum </i>Camus 1921[1922], is becoming much more
difficult. Imlay told me that he and his volunteers removed 100% of the
beefsteak plants by hand pulling until 2010 when many newly emergent patches in
open space and lightly shaded areas emerged. He also noted that existing patches of <i>Perilla frutescens</i> no longer
declined by ~80 % each year in 'weeded' sections of the park as they had in previous
years. </div>
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"In
2010," Imlay said, " I switched to herbicide treatment and sprayed 20
gallons. A great reduction occurred in 2011 and I only had to spray 2.2 gallons
along with modest hand pulling. However, in 2012 many new patches appeared, all
of which were treated or hand pulled. But this year many, many new and expanded
patches have appeared increasing the coverage of beefsteak plant from about
1/10 th acre to about 1/2 acre. As of
September 6 we have already sprayed 60 gallons and only sprayed about half of
the beefsteak plant." <span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">While
preventing and introduction is the first line of defense, even the best
prevention efforts will not stop all harmful invasive species. In the case of
beefsteak plant, however, preventing its introduction has been off the table
for over 200 years. However using the tools of IPM (Integrated Pest Management),
such as early detection and rapid response (EDRR), at a local level can greatly
support effective management and even in some cases elimination. EDRR efforts
increase the likelihood that invasions that can lead to establishment and
spread of harmful species will be halted and eradicated. Once a species becomes
widely established in an ecosystem, the only action possible is the partial
mitigation of negative impacts. Based on the work of the ISAC/NISC EDRR
Subcommittee, NISC has approved<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.invasivespecies.gov/global/EDRR/EDRR_documents/Guidelines%20for%20Early%20Detection%20&%20Rapid%20Response.pdf"><span style="color: #829014;">Guidelines for Early Detection and Rapid Response.</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Additional References</div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Ali, S.I., Raven, P.H. &
Hoch, P., 2012. Flora of Pakistan Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. <i>tropicos.org
Flora of Pakistan</i>. Available at:
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200019964
[Accessed April 2, 2012].<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Brenner, D.M., 1993. Perilla:
Botany, uses and genetic resources. In J. Janick & J. E. Simon, eds. <i>New
Crops</i>. New York, NY USA: John. Wiley & sons, inc., pp. 322–328.
Available at: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-322.html.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Britton, N.L., 1894. List of
Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing without Cultivation in Northeastern
North America. Committee of the Botanical Club American Association for the
Advancement of Science, ed. <i>Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club</i>, 5(18),
p.277. Available at: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31876217 [Accessed
April 2, 2012].<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Britton, N.L. & Brown,
A., 1898. <i>An illustrated flora of the northern United States: Canada and the
British possessions from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary
of Virginia, and from the Atlantic ocean westward to the 102d meridian</i>, C.
Scribner’s Sons. Available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=uHdXAAAAMAAJ.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Brouillet, L., Coursol;, F.
& Favreau, M., 2012. VASCAN. <i>Database of Vascular Plants of Canada
(VASCAN)</i>. Available at: http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/6430
[Accessed April 3, 2012].<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Burton, R.H., 1933. Perilla
frutescens; North America; USA; Connecticut; Middlesex County. <i>Yale Peabody
Museum of Natural History</i>. Available at:
http://peabody.research.yale.edu/cgi-bin/Query.Ledger?LE=bot&ID=irn
1385009&SU=0 [Accessed April 2, 2012].<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Chen, J. et al., 1997. <i>Plant
Distribution and Diversity Across an Ozark Landscape</i>, Available at:
http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_nc227/gtr_nc227_045.pdf.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Douce, G.K. et al., 2005.
Invasive.org: a Web-based Image Archive and Database System Focused on North
American Exotic and Invasive Species. In K. W. Gottschalk, ed. <i>Proceedings,
XV U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and
other invasive species 2004</i>. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Northeastern Research Station.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Dӧnmez, A.A., 2002. Perilla:
a New Genus for Turkey. <i>Turk J Bot</i>, 26, pp.281–283. Available at:
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<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Eames, E.H., 1916. Perilla
frutescens; North America; USA; Connecticut; Fairfield County. <i>Yale Peabody
Museum of Natural History</i>. Available at:
http://peabody.research.yale.edu/cgi-bin/Query.Ledger?LE=bot&ID=irn
1385010&SU=0 [Accessed April 2, 2012].<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Everest, J.W., Powe Jr., T.A.
& Freeman, J.D., 2006. <i>Poisonous Plants of the Southeastern United States</i>,
Available at: http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0975/ANR-0975.pdf.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Forest Health Staff, 2005.
Beefsteak Plant: Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
GBIF ed., 2012. GBIF. In <i>Global
Biodiversity Information Facility</i>. Available at: http://data.gbif.org/search/Perilla/India
[Accessed April 4, 2012].<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Harger, E.B., 1901. Perilla
frutescens; North America; USA; Connecticut; New Haven County. <i>Yale Peabody
Museum of Natural History</i>. Available at:
http://peabody.research.yale.edu/cgi-bin/Query.Ledger?LE=bot&ID=irn 1379606&SU=0
[Accessed April 2, 2012].<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Honda, G. et al., 1994.
Genetic control of geranial formation in Perilla frutescens. <i>Biochemical
Genetics</i>, 32(5-6), pp.155–159.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Hwang, L.S., 1997.
Anthocyanins from Perilla. In H.-C. Yu, K. Kosuna, & M. Haga, eds. <i>Perilla;
the genus Perilla</i>. Harwood Academy Publishers, p. 171.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Kim, K.-H. et al., 2004.
Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Perilla frutescens. <i>Plant
Cell Reports</i>, 23(6), pp.386–390.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Kral, R. et al., 2012.
Perilla frutescens. <i>Alabama Plant Atlas</i>. Available at:
http://www.floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=2435 [Accessed April 2, 2012].<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Lee, H.R. et al., 1995.
Foraging activities and pollination efficacies of the pollinators on the hot
pepper (Capsicum annuum), the perilla (Perilla frutescens var. japonica) and
the sesame (Sesamum orientale). <i>Korean Journal of Agriculture</i>, 10(2),
pp.117–122.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Li, X. & Hedge, I.C.,
2008. Flora of China Perilla frutescens (Linnaeus) Britton. <i>eFloras.org</i>,
7. Available at: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019964
[Accessed April 2, 2012].<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Masumoto, N. & Ito, M.,
2010. Germination rates of perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) mericarps
stored at 4 degrees C for 1-20 years. <i>Journal of natural medicines</i>,
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<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Negi, V.S. et al., 2011.
Perilla frutescens in Transition: a medicinal and oil yielding plant need
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http://www.ewijst.org/issues/vol_6/ewijst060433059.pdf.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Press, J.R., Shrestha, K.K.
& Sutton, D.A., 2000. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. <i>eFloras.org
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[Accessed April 2, 2012].<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Ragazinskiene, O. et al.,
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42(8), pp.667–672.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Roecklein, J.C. & Leung,
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Schnitzler, Schirrmacher,
W.H.G. & Grassmann, J., 2006. Perilla frutescens: A vegetable and herb for
a healthy diet M. L. Chadha, G. Kuo, & C. L. L. Gowda, eds. <i>1st
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<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Steckel, L. & Rhodes, N.,
Perilla Mint. Available at:
https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W135.pdf.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
UMass Extension, Growing Tips
22: Annuals for the Shade. Available at:
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<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
USDA ARS National Genetic
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<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
USDA NRCS, 2013. The PLANTS
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<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Wada, K.C., Kondo, H. &
Takeno, K., 2010. Obligatory short-day plant, Perilla frutescens var. crispa
can flower in response to low-intensity light stress under long-day conditions.
<i>Physiologia Plantarum</i>, 138(3), pp.339–345.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Yu, H.-C., Kosuna, K. &
Haga, M. eds., 1997. <i>Perilla: the genus Perilla</i>, Harwood Academic
Publishers.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="margin-left: 24.0pt; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
Zheng, H. et al., 2006.
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Control</i>, 1(March), p.160. Available at:
http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20067203583.html.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.texasinvasives.org/plant_database/plant_images/PEFR4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="217" src="http://www.texasinvasives.org/plant_database/plant_images/PEFR4.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Perilla frutescens <span style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 10px; text-align: start;">Photographer: John D. Byrd</span><br />
<span style="color: #393939; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 10px; text-align: start;">Source: Mississippi State University</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"></td><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;">ppi State University</span></td></tr>
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Britton, N. L. & Brown, A., 1898. <i>An illustrated flora of the northern
United States: Canada and the British possessions from Newfoundland to the
parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic ocean
westward to the 102d meridian</i>, C. Scribner’s Sons. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Natural%20areas%20Perilla%2009-%606-2013.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
M'Mahon, B., 1804. <i>Seed Catalogue</i>. in:
Special Collections of USDA ARS NAL,
Beltsville, Maryland. </div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Natural%20areas%20Perilla%2009-%606-2013.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Imlay,
M., 2013. 'Spray log: Swann Park, Maryland October 1998'. personal
communication with John Peter Thompson</div>
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see
also</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: center;">
Kobell, R., April 30, 2012. <i>Weed warrior Marc Imlay leads the battle to conquer invading plants. </i>Bay
Journal. accessed Sept 18, 2013 ] <a href="http://www.bayjournal.com/article/weed_warrior_marc_imlay_leads_the_battle_to_conquer_invading_plants">http://www.bayjournal.com/article/weed_warrior_marc_imlay_leads_the_battle_to_conquer_invading_plants</a>
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<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Natural%20areas%20Perilla%2009-%606-2013.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title="">[4]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Natural%20areas%20Perilla%2009-%606-2013.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>"Weed
of the Week" <a href="http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/beefsteak-plant.pdf">http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/beefsteak-plant.pdf</a>
Produced by the USDA Forest Service,
Forest Health Staff, Newtown Square, PA. WOW 01-23-05 Invasive Plants website:
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-43139035778014313352013-09-09T09:28:00.000-04:002013-09-09T09:49:26.571-04:00M'Mahon's "Bad Landscape Design" Description from 1806 (and today)<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> In gardening,
nothing is really new. Yes, tools are invented to ease the aches and pains, and
new discoveries allow us to add just the right something to make the flower
grow or bloom a little longer, a little shorter, or a little more. Even our
ideas about design are well-rooted in the past. Design concepts that worked in
colonial America continue to enhance our
landscape enjoyment and use. The tools of the landscape design trade and the
insider-tricks that are sure to get results are well founded in the historis of
horticulture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">An amazing description, for example, </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">of our modern suburban, cookie cutter, absent-of-any-sense-of-design
developer driven landscapes was published in 1806. </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Can you read this and not picture </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">the usual </span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">21</span><sup style="line-height: 150%;">st</sup><span style="line-height: 150%;"> century M</span><sup style="line-height: 150%;">c</sup><span style="line-height: 150%;">Mansion subdivision
landscape or urban park installed under pressure by a developer eager to move
on with maximum profit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> "But some modern Pleasure-grounds,
in which rural design is copied to an extreme, are often very barren of variety
and entertainment as they frequently consist only of a grass lawn like a great
field; having a running plantation of trees and shrubs all round it, just broad
enough, to admit a gravel-walk winding through it, in the serpentine way, in
many short twists and turns, and bordering at every turn alternately, upon the
outward fence and the lawn; which are continually obtruded upon the sight,
exhibiting the same prospect over and over, without the least variation; so as
that after having traversed the walks all round this sort of pleasure-ground,
we find no more variety or entertainment than at our first entrance, the whole
having presented itself at the first view."<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Sept%209%202013.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span><i><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> If you are interested in any
aspect of gardening from fruits and berries to vegetables, annuals to
perennials, as well as houseplants, and are looking for an in-depth calendar of
work; and you want this to be completely
organic as in no use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides, then the work for
you is <i>The American Gardener’s Calendar </i>by Bernard
M<sup>c</sup>Mahon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> M'Mahon
was born in Ireland in 1775 and came to the United States in 1796 because of
political instability in his native country. He settled in Philadelphia and
established a seed and nursery business. Very shortly thereafter he began to
collect and export seeds of American plants. Because of his work, many native
American plants became established in Europe. The <i><a href="http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hort/history/152.html">History of
Horticulture<span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> web
site</span></a></i> continues:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">"In 1804 his catalogue
of seeds included 1,000 "species." He became acquainted with Thomas
Jefferson as well as other distinguished men of his time. It is said that the
famous Lewis and Clark expedition was planned in his home. His horticultural
interests were very broad and his seed store became a meeting place for
botanists and horticulturists. M'Mahon and Landreth, a noted Philadelphia
nurseryman, distributed the seeds collected in the Lewis and Clark expedition.
He published in 1806 the first really important horticultural book which was
entitled, American Gardeners Calendar. This was a standard encyclopedia for
many years. The 11th edition was published in 1857. </span><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">M'Mahon</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">was
born in Ireland but came to America in 1796 because of political instability in
that country. He settled in Philadelphia and established a seed and nursery
business. Very shortly thereafter he began to collect and export seeds of
American plants. By this means many nature plants became established in Europe.
In 1804 his catalogue of seeds included 1,000 "species".</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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McMahon, B., 1806. <i>The American
Gardener’s Calendar; Adapted to the Climates and Seasons of the United States:
Containing a Complete Account of All the Work Necessary to be Done ... for
Every Month in the Year; with Ample Practical Directions for Performing the
Same ...</i>, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: B. Graves,.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-88415128424109065522013-07-23T09:34:00.002-04:002013-07-23T09:34:50.759-04:00No complexity-stability relationship in natural communities - Cornell University Library<h1 class="title" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 28px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 20px;">
No complexity-stability relationship in natural communities</h1>
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<div class="authors" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 24px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 20px;">
<a href="http://arxiv.org/find/q-bio/1/au:+Jacquet_C/0/1/0/all/0/1" style="text-decoration: none;">Claire Jacquet</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/q-bio/1/au:+Moritz_C/0/1/0/all/0/1" style="text-decoration: none;">Charlotte Moritz</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/q-bio/1/au:+Morissette_L/0/1/0/all/0/1" style="text-decoration: none;">Lyne Morissette</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/q-bio/1/au:+Legagneux_P/0/1/0/all/0/1" style="text-decoration: none;">Pierre Legagneux</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/q-bio/1/au:+Massol_F/0/1/0/all/0/1" style="text-decoration: none;">François Massol</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/q-bio/1/au:+Archambault_P/0/1/0/all/0/1" style="text-decoration: none;">Phillippe Archambault</a>, <a href="http://arxiv.org/find/q-bio/1/au:+Gravel_D/0/1/0/all/0/1" style="text-decoration: none;">Dominique Gravel</a></div>
<div class="dateline" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-style: italic; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 20px;">
(Submitted on 20 Jul 2013)</div>
<blockquote class="abstract" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
We performed a stability analysis of 119 quantitative food webs which were compiled using a standard methodology to build Ecopath mass-balance models. Our analysis reveals that classic descriptors of complexity do not affect stability in natural food webs. Food web structure, which is non-random in real communities, reflects another form of complexity that we found influences dramatically the stability of real communities. We conclude that the occurrence of complex communities in nature is possible owing to their trophic structure.</blockquote>
<div class="metatable" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em 20px;">
<table summary="Additional metadata"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tablecell label" style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em 0em 0em; vertical-align: top;">Comments:</td><td class="tablecell comments" style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em 0em 0em; vertical-align: top;">Main text: 9 pages, 4 figures. Supplementary Information: 14 pages, 3 figures</td></tr>
<tr><td class="tablecell label" style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em 0em 0em; vertical-align: top;">Subjects:</td><td class="tablecell subjects" style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em 0em 0em; vertical-align: top;"><span class="primary-subject" style="font-weight: bold;">Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE)</span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tablecell label" style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em 0em 0em; vertical-align: top;">Cite as:</td><td class="tablecell arxivid" style="font-weight: bold; padding: 0.1em 0.5em 0em 0em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.5364" style="text-decoration: none;">arXiv:1307.5364</a> [q-bio.PE]</td></tr>
<tr><td class="tablecell label" style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em 0em 0em; vertical-align: top;"> </td><td class="tablecell arxividv" style="padding: 0.1em 0.5em 0em 0em; vertical-align: top;">(or <span class="arxivid" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.5364v1" style="text-decoration: none;">arXiv:1307.5364v1</a> [q-bio.PE]</span> for this version)<br /><br /><a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.5364">http://arxiv.org/abs/1307.5364</a><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="submission-history" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', helvetica, arial, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 1.5em 0px 1.5em 20px;">
<h2 style="font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em;">
Submission history</h2>
From: Dominique Gravel [<a href="http://arxiv.org/auth/show-email/50c1b15d/1307.5364" style="text-decoration: none;">view email</a>]<br /><b>[v1]</b> Sat, 20 Jul 2013 01:51:27 GMT (362kb,D)</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-69360447920313903292013-07-14T13:01:00.000-04:002013-07-14T13:10:05.549-04:00Yokohama squash - Not Every New Plant is Invasive<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGBGpsWZePMUUOXUm26sGXUiLl35UIEwdMTGIflaR5DEyoXI3nwBo-aNddvz5kur_32lDtzKXy3G_TcHEyT-rISPWsGoi2LAA7CF55vq20E5pQ3Y303Z0AOmpJDKWYVBq14EIRGw/s1600/Turban+Squash+1865.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGBGpsWZePMUUOXUm26sGXUiLl35UIEwdMTGIflaR5DEyoXI3nwBo-aNddvz5kur_32lDtzKXy3G_TcHEyT-rISPWsGoi2LAA7CF55vq20E5pQ3Y303Z0AOmpJDKWYVBq14EIRGw/s640/Turban+Squash+1865.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gregory Yokohama squash - USDA ARS NAL "Special Collections"</td></tr>
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Thomas
Jefferson wrote that "the greatest service which can be rendered any
country is to add an useful plant to it's culture...."<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> He
could hardly imagine the unintended consequence and impact that the
introduction of non indigenous species has had on the ecosystems and economies
of the United States. The spread of invasive species alters ecosystem services
and threaten rare and endangered species; second only to land development
practices in their destructive impact. It is easy, therefore, to condemn the
actions of past generations who worked hard to find new and novel species to
enhance the quality of life of their fellow citizens.</div>
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Jefferson
noted that the United States were "probably far from possessing, as yet,
all the articles of culture [crops] for which nature has fitted our country. To
find out these, will require an abundance of unsuccessful experiments. But if,
in a multitude of these, we make one or two useful acquisitions, it repays our
trouble."<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Those whom have had to fight kudzu or tamarisk might take umbrage and even be
outraged at the idea that the introduced species that did not find merit were
paid for.</div>
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The US
Department o Agricultural Research Service (USDA ARS) was established in part
to foster Jefferson's idea that "[t]he introduction of new cultures
[crops], and especially of objects [plants] of leading importance to our
comfort, is certainly worthy the attention of every government, and nothing
short of the actual experiment should discourage an essay of which an hope can
be entertained."<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span> </div>
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Because
of the significant harm of a few intentionally or accidentally introduced plants,
certain stakeholders have taken a dim view to non-native plants and to those
who introduced them to the United States. This tendency to lump all exotic
plants into one basket is based on part on a limited view of history and the
role of the men who introduced important non-native species such as wheat and
vegetables. Only 150 years ago, men such as Thomas Hogg, Jr. and James J. H.
Gregory worked to better the produce of our farms and gardens sure in the knowledge
that they were contributing to the betterment of the country and its people.</div>
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An 1866 article
in <i>The Cultivator & Country Gentleman</i>
provides an example of a then recent introduction of a new winter squash from
Japan.</div>
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" THE YOKOHAMA SQUASH Eds Co
Gent The past summer we raised Yokohama Squash and it has given such good
satisfaction both as a table squash and for pies that think its merits need
only to be known in order it may be appreciated The vines of this new visitor from
Japan slowly till some time in July when they spread rapidly on every side
taking root at almost every joint and throwing out numerous side branches so
that when planted eight feet apart the entire ground is occupied by the dark
green leaves while the numerous peculiar looking squashes are thickly hidden
beneath them I find that they yielded with us the past season from 20 to 30
squashes to the square rod averaging four or five pounds each They are very
heavy in proportion to their size the seeds being small and contained in a very
small cavity The flesh is very dry sweet fine grained and of a rich orange
color When cooked they make the best substitute for sweet potatoes of anything
I know of and for pies I think them equal to any other squash They ripened here
in Connecticut the past season but required the entire season in order to
mature before frost The keep very well but 1 think not quite as well as Hubbard
The stems of the Yokohama where they join the squash are nearly square a
peculiarity never saw in any other squash I have no seeds spare as they are
already disposed of G. F. P. Milford, Conn Feb 7 1866."<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="">[4]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></div>
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William Woys Weaver (2005) describes the squash as a "oddly
shaped squash that resembled large chunks of hardened lava. Gray-black,
other-worldly, yet hauntingly beautiful, this unique heirloom vegetable from
Japan, the ‘Yokohama’ squash, was a visual study in the Japanese affection for
serenity through form and texture. [The Yokohama squash has] one of the most
complex flavors I have run across in any squash or pumpkin I have grown.
Everyone’s taste buds are different, but I detect hints of Asian pear, mango,
avocado, lemon balsam, and if you have experience with tropical fruits, the
unmistakable aroma of sapote. Can this be a squash? It is even a great boon to
gardeners because it is highly resistant to borers and powdery mildew."<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="">[5]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></div>
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Who were
Hogg and Gregory? Thomas Hogg, Jr. was born in London, February 6, 1820, coming
to the United States with his father, Thomas Hogg, Sr. and his brother James
when he was 9 months old. His father was a successful nurseryman and florist in
New York City. He and his brother took over the business when their father diedin
I855. A staunch liberal, progressive Republican, Thomas Hogg, Jr. was appointed
U. S. Marshall in 1862 by President Lincoln, who also founded USDA and sent to
Japan for eight years. He would return thereafter for two more years at a posting
in the Custom House. He spent much time in travelling around the Japanese Islands
studying their flora since his official position afforded him unusual
facilities for exploration and collection of novel and interesting plant
species and cultivars. He made a large collection of Japanese trees, shrubs and
herbaceous plants "among those which proved to be adapted to our climate,
are many of the choicest Japanese plants which ornament our gardens to-day,
which he was the first to introduce."<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </div>
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James
Hogg grew the seeds sent from Japan by his brother reporting the "outcome
in an 1864 issue of <i>The Magazine of
Horticulture</i>. Hogg named the variety "Yokohama" and said it was
superior to the Hubbard types which were at the time the standard in American
gardens."<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
James Hogg sent seeds of the Yokohama
squash to the noted Massachusetts plantsman, James John Howard Gregory. Mr.
Gregory advertised the new squash in 1865 in Marblehead.<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </div>
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I was delighted
to find an original copy of the handbill advertising the Yokohama squash while
compiling an inventory of pre-1870 nursery catalogs in the Special Collection
of the <a href="http://specialcollections.nal.usda.gov/">U. S. National
Agricultural Library.</a> (USDA ARS NAL)</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Thomas Jefferson Memorandum of Services to My
Country, after 2 September 1800 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">PTJ, 32:124. Polygraph copy at the Library of
Congress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Letter from Thomas Jefferson to William Drayton
(1786). Thomas Jefferson Agricultural Institute <a href="http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/initiative/jefferson.shtml">http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/initiative/jefferson.shtml</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Letter from Thomas Jefferson to M. Lasteyrie (1808) Thomas
Jefferson Agricultural Institute. <a href="http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/initiative/jefferson.shtml">http://www.jeffersoninstitute.org/initiative/jefferson.shtml</a>-
(In other words, test the new crop before assuming it has nothing to offer.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The Cultivator & Country Gentleman, Volume 27 L.
Tucker & Son, 1866.</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Weaver.
2005. Yokohama Squash. Online. Accessed July 14, 2013. <a href="http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/yokohama-squash.aspx#axzz2Z2JTu6GK">http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/yokohama-squash.aspx#axzz2Z2JTu6GK</a></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Morong,
T. (1893). Thomas Hogg. <i>Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</i>, <i>20</i>(5),
217–218. doi:10.2307/2477496</div>
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Author's npte: Kudzu, which he sent to Thomas Meehan,
noted nuseryman in Philadelphia in 1876, not withstanding...</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Baker
Creek Heirloom Seed Company. Online. Accessed July 14, 2013. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=165630743551869&id=155935376162">https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=165630743551869&id=155935376162</a></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/Hogg%20Squash%20July%2011%202013.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Shari Kelley Worrell & Norma Lovett Gregory
Kelley Flude. A Timeline of his life. Online. Accessed July 14, 2013. <a href="http://www.saveseeds.org/biography/gregory/">http://www.saveseeds.org/biography/gregory/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Mr.
Gregory purchased the rights to the "best white potato" for $150 from
Luther Burbank. Mr. Gregory introduced a
new potato that he shared with Luther Burbank calling it "Burbank".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-4303834763849374462013-07-03T06:19:00.001-04:002013-07-03T06:19:33.845-04:00Biofuels: EPA approves feedstocks from 2 invasive plants despite warnings -- Tuesday, July 2, 2013 -- www.eenews.net<a href="http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059983796">Biofuels: EPA approves feedstocks from 2 invasive plants despite warnings -- Tuesday, July 2, 2013 -- www.eenews.net</a><br />
<br />
see also from this blog:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://ipetrus.blogspot.com/2012/10/pennisetum-purpureum-biofuel-ornamental.html">Tuesday, October 09, 2012 Pennisetum purpureum - Biofuel, ornamental specimen, invasive species, weed with a tendency towards hybrid cultivars with common names like Napier grass or king grass </a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://ipetrus.blogspot.com/2007/10/biofuel-species-listing-traits-of.html">Saturday, October 13, 2007 List of Invasive Biofuel Species (updated with links to GRIN & GCW): Traits of Invasive Species</a>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-77946403496224671532013-06-12T18:33:00.003-04:002013-06-12T18:33:36.623-04:00Introduction to Cooperative Weed Management Areas: What Are They and What Can They Do For You?<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Join IPC, Inc </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Thu, June 13, 12pm – 1pm</b></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">for the first presentation in our newly developed webinar series d</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">edicated to </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cooperative Weed Management Areas (CWMAs) </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">and </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cooperative Invasive Species Management Areas (CISMAs)”. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">As an introduction, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Katherine Howe </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">from the Midwest Invasive Plant Network </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">will present </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>"An Introduction to Cooperative Weed Management Areas: What Are They and What Can They Do For You?”. </b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">This series is sponsored by </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Invasive Plant Control, Inc., </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Midwest Invasive Plant Network </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">and </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">the Mid Atlantic Invasive Plant Council. </span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">To register (no charge; freee) -> </span><a href="http://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww4.gotomeeting.com%2Fregister%2F443459607&usd=2&usg=AFQjCNHg3XmjojT5NsFvAkOT2gSskEWpRQ" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;" target="_blank">https://www4.gotomeeting.com/register/443459607</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18.200000762939453px; white-space: pre-wrap;">PDF downdload </span><span class="ep-at-title" style="color: #1155cc; text-decoration: underline;"><a class="ep-at-link" href="https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B4UL5oWl7O7Ray1BZFJFcWFVaWs/edit?usp=drive_web" style="color: #1155cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Introduction to Cooperative Weed Management Areas.pdf</a></span><br />
<div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-65220746290340148902013-05-23T19:43:00.002-04:002013-05-24T06:48:32.456-04:00Bamboo Wars - An Act Regulating the Planting and Sale of Running Bamboo<br />
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<b><i><span style="line-height: 150%;">AN ACT REGULATING THE PLANTING AND
SALE OF RUNNING BAMBOO.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><a href="http://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/cgabillstatus/cgabillstatus.asp?selBillType=Bill&bill_num=1016&which_year=2013&SUBMIT1.x=18&SUBMIT1.y=7&SUBMIT1=Normal">http://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/cgabillstatus/cgabillstatus.asp?selBillType=Bill&bill_num=1016&which_year=2013&SUBMIT1.x=18&SUBMIT1.y=7&SUBMIT1=Normal</a><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> The Bamboo Wars continued today
in Connecticut, a state that has been trying to mitigate the damage of certain
plants since at least 1726 (</span><span style="line-height: 23.33333396911621px;"><a href="http://ipetrus.blogspot.com/2010/09/connecticut-keeps-trying-to-ban-plants.html">Connecticut keeps trying to ban plants Invasive Notes (2010))</a></span><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Today the
Connecticut House of Representatives voted (130 yea; 3 nay; 17 absent according
to a source involved in the creation and support of the legislation) to concur
with a Senate bill that makes it possible for a landowner faced with unwanted
incursions of a neighboring planting of certain bamboo species liable for the
cost of making the aggrieved property owner whole. A property owner subjected
to uncontrolled growth of running bamboo from a neighboring property will have means to recover costs incurred by the removal and mitigation of the plant. The point of the bill is to place
the burden of the cost of damages to an uninfested property onto the shoulders and pocketbook of the person
who chose to plant running bamboo and let it run unfettered.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> The mission of the landowners who
are faced with the rampant spread of running bamboo is to place the cost of
control back onto the original planter rather than the receiver. Traditionally
unsuspecting neighbors were condemned to pay for the control of a plant they
never asked for and most certainly never planted. Historically people turned to
plant bans which while perhaps reducing future establishment through
intentional introductions, did little to relieve the costs for those stuck with
the externalization of the cost of management by those who found reason to
plant running bamboo in the first place. The result in a few cases has led to a
form of terrorism by bamboo, and expensive control costs in most cases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> The specific species behind the
Bamboo Wars in Connecticut is <i>Phyllostachys
aureosulcata</i> McClure (1945) affecting primarily cities, suburbs, home gardens and their surrounding areas,The species can
damage sidewalks and driveways, destroy swimming pools, invades septic systems,
establish in turf and lawns, and shade out other vegetation (Rickel, 2012).
Multiple townships have established ordinances restricting the planting and
growth of running bamboos, and many of those specifically target <i>Phyllostachy</i>s spp. (e.g.,Brookhaven NY,
2012; West Bradford PA, 2011). The species forms monocultures (Ward, 2011)
which changes community structure in natural areas.(USDA APHIS 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-28759203059423766582013-05-17T10:03:00.000-04:002013-05-17T10:03:19.844-04:00More invasive species detected at US ports in the Mid Atlantic<br />
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Insect
as well as plant and animal species from around the world can hitch a ride in a
manner of speaking, on cargo shipments, moving from their native lands to
exotic foreign destinations, and sometimes stay and establish a new home. Ports
of entry like Baltimore and Norfolk are doorways to establishment of species
that may impact livelihoods by altering the characteristic services of
ecological systems.</div>
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The
front-line of defense is the U. S. CBP, </div>
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"one of the Department of
Homeland Security’s largest and most complex components, with a priority
mission of keeping terrorists and their weapons out of the U.S. It also has a
responsibility for securing the border and facilitating lawful international
trade and travel while enforcing hundreds of U.S. laws and regulations,
including immigration and drug laws. Amopng other tasks," CBP performs two
crucial roles in facilitating trade to and from the U.S. and around the globe:
securing it from acts of terrorism and assuring that goods arriving in the U.S.
are legitimate and that appropriate duties and fees are paid."<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/2013%20May%2017%20Insect%20as%20well%20as%20plant%20and%20animal%20species%20from%20around%20the%20world%20can%20hitch%20a%20ride%20in%20a%20manner%20of%20speaking.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="">[1]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/2013%20May%2017%20Insect%20as%20well%20as%20plant%20and%20animal%20species%20from%20around%20the%20world%20can%20hitch%20a%20ride%20in%20a%20manner%20of%20speaking.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span> </div>
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Working with <a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=12-45-49-00">USDA ARS
Systematic Entomology Laborator</a>y and <a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/plant_inspection_stations.shtml">USDA
APHIS Plant Inspection Stations</a>, and <a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/">APHIS Plant Protection and
Quarantine (PPQ)</a>. the organizations work to protect American jobs,
businesses and the ecosystems that support them. Recent interceptions of
non-native and potentially harmful insect species provide highlights of the impossible nature of their
underfunded mission. USDA APHIS PPQ reported at the <a href="http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/">Maryland Invasive Species Council's</a> May
2013 meeting the following interceptions.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://tpittaway.tripod.com/sphinx/m_ste_a2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://tpittaway.tripod.com/sphinx/m_ste_a2.jpg" width="177" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Macroglossum stellatarum</i><br />tpittaway.tripod.com</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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At the
port in Norfolk, Virginia CBP intercepted for the first time, <i>Macroglossum stellatarum </i>Linnaeus (1758), the hummingbird hawk-moth.
The moth is found though out most of Europe, Asia and Northern Africa. While
the species is unable to survive cold winters, the adults are strong enough fliers
that they seasonally migrate from the Mediterranean region North to Sweden
& Iceland. The Encyclopedia of Life notes that </div>
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"The hummingbird hawk-moth is
named for its long proboscis (straw like mouth) and its hovering behavior,
which, accompanied by an audible humming noise, give it remarkable resemblance
to a hummingbird as it visits flowers to feed on nectar."<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/2013%20May%2017%20Insect%20as%20well%20as%20plant%20and%20animal%20species%20from%20around%20the%20world%20can%20hitch%20a%20ride%20in%20a%20manner%20of%20speaking.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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Humans see various shades of dull brown or grey in the
forewings of the moth. On the other hand, they reveal characteristic
fluorescent yellow, violet, purple and green patterns under ultraviolet light .
Thus to birds and other insects the moth is most likely brightly patterned.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/2013%20May%2017%20Insect%20as%20well%20as%20plant%20and%20animal%20species%20from%20around%20the%20world%20can%20hitch%20a%20ride%20in%20a%20manner%20of%20speaking.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="">[3]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/2013%20May%2017%20Insect%20as%20well%20as%20plant%20and%20animal%20species%20from%20around%20the%20world%20can%20hitch%20a%20ride%20in%20a%20manner%20of%20speaking.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Coreidae/Coreidae_images/coreus_marginatus_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://www.britishbugs.org.uk/heteroptera/Coreidae/Coreidae_images/coreus_marginatus_1.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Coreus marginatus</i><br />www.britishbugs.org.uk</td></tr>
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The Port
of Norfolk also saw for the first time the arrival and discovery of <i>Coreus marginatus </i>Linnaeus (1758). The
uninvited accidental visitor was found in a shipment of tile from Italy. This
species if found throughout most of Europe where it feeds on plants in the
genus <i>Rumex. </i>In addition inspectors
also discovered at the Norfolk facility an adult moth hiding out amongst
military cargo. The moth was identified as <i>Autophila
ligaminosa</i> Eversmann (1851). This is the first time this species found in
the sub-alpine region from the Balkans west to Afghanistan has been identified
entering the US. </div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.ppis.moag.gov.il/ppis/insect_gallery/images/02NOCTUIDAE/Catocalinae/70Autophila_ligaminosa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="121" src="http://www.ppis.moag.gov.il/ppis/insect_gallery/images/02NOCTUIDAE/Catocalinae/70Autophila_ligaminosa.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Autophila ligaminosa </i><br />www.ppis.moag.gov.il -</td></tr>
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In the
historic rivalry between Virginia and Maryland, the Port of Baltimore was not
without its own early detection of non native visitors taking advantage of the enormous
flow of global trade. And to make matters even worse one of the interception
was yet another stink bug. Baltimore CBP found a moderate sized stinkbug in a shipment
of tile that was later identified to be <i>Sciocoris
sideritidis</i> Wollaston (1858). This is the first time this species has been
identified entering the US. Just wait until an undetected mating pair of this
new species to the shores of the United States sets up shop and works with the
two existing invasive stink bugs already sucking their way through vegetables,
fruits, and soya beans. Reducing USDA funding through political mismanagement
and grand standing in Congress is a sure way to encourage this opportunity. </div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.naturedugard.org/images/4/3232.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="133" src="http://www.naturedugard.org/images/4/3232.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sciocoris sideritidis</span><br /><span style="font-size: small;">www.naturedugard.org </span></i></td></tr>
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And
last but not least, remembering that airports are ports too, a baggage
interception in Baltimore was confirmed to be <i>Tetraleurodes andropogoni</i> Dozier (1934), a type of white fly. This
is the first time this species have been intercepted entering the US. According to CPB "the insects were
discovered on fresh leaves being carried by a passenger originating from
Nigeria and arriving from the United Kingdom."<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/2013%20May%2017%20Insect%20as%20well%20as%20plant%20and%20animal%20species%20from%20around%20the%20world%20can%20hitch%20a%20ride%20in%20a%20manner%20of%20speaking.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/2013%20May%2017%20Insect%20as%20well%20as%20plant%20and%20animal%20species%20from%20around%20the%20world%20can%20hitch%20a%20ride%20in%20a%20manner%20of%20speaking.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <a href="http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/about/">http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/about/</a></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/2013%20May%2017%20Insect%20as%20well%20as%20plant%20and%20animal%20species%20from%20around%20the%20world%20can%20hitch%20a%20ride%20in%20a%20manner%20of%20speaking.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
EOL. <i>Macroglossum stellatarum</i>. [accessed
May 17, 2013] <a href="http://eol.org/pages/396579/overview">http://eol.org/pages/396579/overview</a></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/2013%20May%2017%20Insect%20as%20well%20as%20plant%20and%20animal%20species%20from%20around%20the%20world%20can%20hitch%20a%20ride%20in%20a%20manner%20of%20speaking.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Macroglossum
Scopoli, 1777, Introd. Hist. nat.: 414. [accessed May 17, 2013] <a href="http://tpittaway.tripod.com/sphinx/m_ste.htm">http://tpittaway.tripod.com/sphinx/m_ste.htm</a></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/2013%20May%2017%20Insect%20as%20well%20as%20plant%20and%20animal%20species%20from%20around%20the%20world%20can%20hitch%20a%20ride%20in%20a%20manner%20of%20speaking.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Baltimore
CBP Intercepts First in Nation Whitefly. Thursday, April 11, 2013. [accessed
May 17, 2013] <a href="http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news_releases/local/04112013_7.xml">http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/news_releases/local/04112013_7.xml</a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-40683614216286807282013-04-26T14:06:00.001-04:002013-04-27T06:24:00.568-04:00Updating the Bamboo Wars in Connecticut - Question on the Table<span style="font-family: inherit;">Seems that the Connecticut General Assembly has decided for the moment to side step running bamboo legislation by using the time-honored motion of setting the bill on the table, more commonly referred to as tabled, at least for today; and with the end of the session coming up quickly - maybe gone for good. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">According to a recent posting on the Facebook site, <a href="https://www.facebook.com/InstituteOfInvasiveBambooResearch">Institute of Invasive Bamboo Research</a>: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">"Old Burying Ground - Byram Shore, Greenwich, Conn. under invasion by Yellow Groove bamboo. * S.B.1016 REGULATE RUNNING BAMBOO has been tabled - Needs to be Voted on now. The Constituents of Connecticut will not let this bill die." </span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The accompanying photograph of a bamboo species taking over a cemetery is a nice touch. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://sphotos-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-prn1/p480x480/528221_323713187756895_270277954_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://sphotos-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-prn1/p480x480/528221_323713187756895_270277954_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: start;">Old Burying Ground - Byram Shore, Greenwich, Conn. - complete with bamboo</span></td></tr>
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<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Here is the most current legislative analysis curtesy of the <a href="http://www.cga.ct.gov/asp/cgabillstatus/cgabillstatus.asp?selBillType=Bill&bill_num=1016&which_year=2013&SUBMIT1.x=-643&SUBMIT1.y=0&SUBMIT1=Normal">CGA website</a>:</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">OLR Bill Analysis</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=35345193" name="P16_78"></a>sSB 1016</span></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=35345193" name="P18_87"></a>AN ACT REGULATING THE PLANTING AND SALE OF RUNNING BAMBOO</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=35345193" name="P20_146"></a>SUMMARY</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">:</span></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">This bill makes people liable for failing to contain “running bamboo” (i</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">e</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, bamboo in the genus <i>Phyllostachys</i>, including yellow-groove bamboo) on their property beginning October 1, 2013</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">It requires a 100-foot setback from abutting property and a public right of way for running bamboo planted after that date, unless it is properly contained</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">It also requires people who sell or install running bamboo to educate customers on the plant</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">'</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">s growing habits, the bill</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">'</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">s provisions, and recommended containment methods</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The bill subjects violators of its setback or containment provisions to a </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">$ </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">100 fine</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">It also subjects violators of its education requirements to a </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">$ </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">100 fine, for each plant</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Fines may be mailed to the Central Infractions Bureau without a court appearance</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Lastly, the bill (1) authorizes the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, in conjunction with the Department of Consumer Protection, and (2) requires environmental conservation officers, to enforce the setback, containment, and education requirements</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">EFFECTIVE DATE</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">: </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Upon passage, except the environmental conservation officers</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">'</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> enforcement powers are effective October 1, 2013</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE TO NEIGHBORING PROPERTY</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Beginning October 1, 2013, the bill makes people who plant running bamboo, or allow it to be planted, on their property liable for any damage the bamboo causes to neighboring properties, including the cost of removing any bamboo that spread to neighboring property</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">It prohibits people from allowing running bamboo to grow beyond their property boundaries</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">SETBACK OR CONTAINMENT REQUIRED</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The bill requires anyone planting or allowing running bamboo to be planted on his or her property after October 1, 2013 to plant it at least 100 feet from an abutting property or public right-of-way</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">But it allows a person to plant within 100 feet if the running bamboo is properly contained</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The containment system must be (1) a properly constructed and maintained barrier system or (2) an above ground container that does not allow the bamboo to come in contact with the ground</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">'</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">s soil</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Violators are subject to a </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">$ </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">100 fine, and each day of a continuing violation is a separate offense</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">EDUCATING PURCHASERS</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The bill requires retail sellers and installers of running bamboo to provide purchasers of the plant with a statement that includes</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">:</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 32pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">1</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">a disclosure that running bamboo is a fast growing plant that may spread if not properly contained</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">;</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">a plain language summary of the bill</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">; </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">and</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">3</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">recommendations on how to properly contain the bamboo, based on the best available information</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Violators are subject to a </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">$ </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">100 fine for each plant sold without the required statement</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">COMMITTEE ACTION</span></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Environment Committee</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Joint Favorable Substitute</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Yea</span></span></div>
</td><td valign="top" width="48"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">28</span></span></div>
</td><td valign="top" width="48"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nay</span></span></div>
</td><td valign="top" width="48"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">0</span></span></div>
</td><td valign="top" width="128"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">(03/25/2013)</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-46867721712689106532013-03-28T10:44:00.004-04:002013-03-28T13:01:17.974-04:00The Greenwich Land Trust Invasive Plant Management Workshop<table align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" border="0px" cellpadding="0" style="color: black; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;" wi=""><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" width="100%"><h2 class="style13" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
The Greenwich Land Trust Invasive Plant Management Workshop</h2>
<h2 class="style13" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
Restoring our Natural Areas</h2>
<div>
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;">Town Hall - 101 Field Point Road,</span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br style="line-height: 22px;" />Greenwich, CT 06830.</span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: start;"><br style="line-height: 22px;" />Phone: (203) 622-7700</span></div>
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<div style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Greenwich Land Trust Hosts Invasive Plant Management Workshop. The workshop will feature a panel of experts, both academics and practitioners in the field, as they discuss land restoration and invasive plant management techniques. The workshop covers a range of topics from early detection of invasive plants to mapping and monitoring strategies to cutting-edge methods for invasive plant control and removal.</div>
<div style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Speakers include Logan Senack, Invasive Plant Coordinator for the state of Connecticut, Randy G. Westbrooks, PhD, an invasive plant prevention specialist, Chuck Bargeron from the Center of Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health at the University of Georgia, Steven Manning, President of Invasive Plant Control, Inc., & Greenwich Land Trust’s Steve Conaway who manages invasive plant removal on all GLT properties.</div>
<div style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.2em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The workshop is free and includes lunch, but <strong style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">registration is required.</strong> To view the agenda for the discussion and to register, please go online at <a href="http://www.invasiveplantcontrol.com/greenwich" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #3429e4; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://www.invasiveplantcontrol.com/greenwich/</a></div>
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Notes:</h3>
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The Greenwich Land Trust, founded in 1976, is a 501c3 non-profit organization and nationally accredited land trust dedicated to maintaining 737 acres of land in Greenwich, CT – to protect the environmental health of our community, preserve its natural beauty and conserve its waterways, forests and wildlife for this and future generations. To learn more, please visit <a href="http://www.gltrust.org/" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #3429e4; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">www.gltrust.org</a></div>
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<h2 class="style13" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">
Agenda</h2>
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<tr><th colspan="2">Thursday April 4th, 2013</th></tr>
<tr><td width="200px">8:30 am to 9:00 am</td><td>Registration and Snacks</td></tr>
<tr><td>9:10 am to 9:30 am</td><td>Introductions - <a href="http://www.invasiveplantcontrol.com/greenwich/ginny.pdf">Virginia Gwynn</a> - Executive Director, The Greenwich Land Trust</td></tr>
<tr><td>9:30 am to 10:15 am</td><td>Presentation: Invasive Plant Management in Connecticut<br />
<a href="http://www.invasiveplantcontrol.com/greenwich/Logan%20Senack.pdf">Logan Senack</a> - Connecticut Invasive Plant Coordinator</td></tr>
<tr><td>10:15 am to 11:00 am</td><td>Presentation: Prevention and Early Detection of Invasive species<br />
<a href="http://www.invasiveplantcontrol.com/greenwich/Randy%20Westbrooks.pdf">Randy G. Westbrooks</a>, Ph.D. - Invasive Plant Prevention Specialist</td></tr>
<tr><td>11:00 am to 11:45 am</td><td>Presentation: Mapping and Monitoring Strategies: Collecting Weed Data in Natural Areas<br />
<a href="http://wiki.bugwood.org/User:Bugwood">Chuck Bargeron</a> - Information Technology Director, Center for Invasive Species & Ecosystem Health at the University of Georgia</td></tr>
<tr><td>11:45-12:00</td><td>Presentation: Utilizing digital tools in local invasive plant control<br />
<a href="http://www.invasiveplantcontrol.com/greenwich/Steve%20Conaway.pdf">Steven Conaway</a> - Stewardship & Outreach Manager, The Greenwich Land Trust</td></tr>
<tr><td>12:00 am to 1:00 pm</td><td>Lunch Provided</td></tr>
<tr><td>1:00 pm to 2:00 pm</td><td>Presentation: Utilizing Selective Methods for Invasive Plant Management<br />
<a href="http://www.invasiveplantcontrol.com/greenwich/S.%20Manning.pdf">Steven T Manning</a> - President, Invasive Plant Control, Inc.</td></tr>
<tr><td>2:00-2:45</td><td>Presentation: Anticipating Success - What Happens After You Remove that Invasive from your Ecosystem<br />
<a href="http://www.invasiveplantcontrol.com/greenwich/John%20Peter.pdf">John Peter Thompson</a> </td></tr>
<tr><td>2:45-3:00</td><td>Break with refreshments</td></tr>
<tr><td>3:00-3:20</td><td>Greenwich—Looking to the Future</td></tr>
<tr><td>3:00-3:30</td><td>Open Discussion: invite local speakers from the Audubon center and other land management partners<br />
<br />
Primary topics<br />
<ul>
<li>Developing a Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area</li>
<li>Next Steps to Partnering for Success</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>3:30 pm</td><td>Adjourn</td></tr>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-79116525564941224112013-03-07T08:51:00.001-05:002013-03-07T08:54:51.192-05:00NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES AWARENESS WEEK 2013 HON. STENY H. HOYER OF MARYLAND IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE<br />
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E178 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—Extensions of Remarks February 25, 2013<br />
<br />
NATIONAL INVASIVE SPECIES AWARENESS WEEK 2013<br />
HON. STENY H. HOYER OF MARYLAND IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES<br />
Monday, February 25, 2013<br />
<br />
Mr. HOYER. Mr. Speaker, I rise in recognition of National Invasive Species Awareness Week, which will be observed this year from March 3 through March 8. Invasive plant and animal species are dangerous to regional ecosystems and carry with them serious negative effects on our economy.<br />
Already, they are a threat to 50% of federally endangered or threatened native species. From reduced crop yields to declines in fish populations, the consequences of invasive species are significant. In the agriculture sector alone, they have led to an annual loss in productivity worth $7.4 billion. Researchers estimate that invasive species cost the United States more than $130 billion in damages every year.<br />
<br />
National Invasive Species Awareness Week, which is sponsored by the Weed Sciences Society<br />
of America, Dow AgroSciences, the National Network of Invasive Plant Centers, the<br />
Entomological Society of America, APS, and the Wildlife Habitat Council, helps raise public<br />
consciousness about this important issue. It features workshops and panel discussions at<br />
the Capitol and around Washington with experts in invasive species containment and prevention<br />
methods—as well as educational programs for students and families.<br />
<br />
National Invasive Species Awareness Week also highlights the work of local, state, federal,<br />
and tribal agencies as well as efforts by private organizations and individuals to combat<br />
invasive species and preserve local and regional ecosystems.<br />
<br />
In the State of Maryland, we have forged strong partnerships to try to address the problems<br />
posed by invasive species in our state. The Maryland Invasive Species Council is comprised of concerned scientists, land managers, business people and citizens. It works closely with our state agencies and the United States Department of Agriculture, particularly the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, the United States Department of the Interior, and the University of Maryland. Committed partnerships such as these are an important part of focusing attention and sharing limited resources in an effort to reduce the spread of invasive plants, animals, and diseases.<br />
<br />
I am proud to support the goals of National Invasive Species Awareness Week, and I join<br />
with many of my colleagues in Congress in wishing its sponsors and participants a successful<br />
program. Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-91683403497256599002013-03-05T14:22:00.001-05:002013-03-05T14:58:42.606-05:00CANCELLED (Sequestered) - Creating a Virtual Herbarium at Norton-Brown and Implications for Managing Invasive Species<br />
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Creating a Virtual Herbarium at Norton-Brown and Implications for Managing Invasive Species</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00344619456024544621noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35345193.post-47441714262440988952013-02-25T21:42:00.000-05:002013-03-04T17:11:19.341-05:00Were/are the rabbits invasive? Pliny the Elder reports on biocontrol<br />
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<i>Gaius Plinius Secundus</i> (23 AD
– August 25, 79 AD), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author,
naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the
early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. The Natural
History (Latin: <i>Naturalis Historia</i>)
is an encyclopedia published circa AD 77–79 <a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/lxxxi%20Plinius.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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The translation from book 8 chapter 81 is mine and quite literal; the
latin original is copied from a page that is part of a website belonging to
Bill Thayer.<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/lxxxi%20Plinius.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<br />
<br />
Lessons on biocontrol, overpopulation and even perhaps invasive species impact on ecosystem services from 2000 years ago</div>
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lxxxi </div>
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217 <i>Et leporum plura sunt genera</i>. </div>
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There are many kinds of hares.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>in Alpibus candidi, quibus
hibernis mensibus pro cibatu nivem credunt esse</i>; </div>
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in the Alps there are white ones which people think feed on snow during
the winter months;</div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>certe liquescente ea rutilescunt
annis omnibus</i>,</div>
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for certainly as it thaws there they grow reddish [in color] the rest
of the year,</div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>et est alioqui animal intolerandi rigoris alumnum</i>. </div>
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but somehow the animal is nourished in the intolerable cold.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>leporum generis sunt et quos
Hispania cuniculos appellat</i>, </div>
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And there is a type of hare which the Spanish call 'cuniculi' [rabbit].<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/lxxxi%20Plinius.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>fecunditatis innumerae famemque
Baliarum insulis populatis messibus adferentis</i>.</div>
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its fecundity is uncountable and brought famine to the Balearic Islands
[Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera] during harvest time.</div>
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<br /></div>
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— (<i>Fetus ventri exectos vel uberibus ablatos, non repurgatis interaneis,
gratissimo in cibatu habent; laurices vocant</i>) — </div>
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— (They have a very pleasing food [dish] which [is made] either by
cutting the unborn rabbit from the [mother's] womb or removing the plentiful
just born young without washing the intestines. They call [the dish] laurices.)
—</div>
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<br /></div>
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218 <i>certum est Baliaricos adversus proventum eorum auxilium militare a Divo
Augusto petisse</i>. </div>
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Indeed the Balearians petitioned Divine Augustus for military aid
against this increase of them [rabbits]</div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>magna propter venatum eum
viverris gratia est</i>; </div>
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a great favorite for hunting it is with a ferret;<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/lxxxi%20Plinius.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>iniciunt eas in specus, qui sunt
multifores in terra</i> — <i>unde et nomen
animali</i> —, </div>
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they put them into the holes, which are the many entrances in the earth
— from where comes the name<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/lxxxi%20Plinius.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> — </div>
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<i>atque ita eiectos superne capiunt</i>.
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and thus when they are driven up above, they are captured.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>Archelaus auctor est</i>, </div>
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Archelaus is the authority for:</div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>quot sint corporis cavernae ad
excrementa lepori, totidem annos esse aetatis</i>; </div>
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as many tunnels of the warren there may be for the excrement of the hare,
so many years old it is.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>varius certe numerus reperitur</i>.
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a varying number indeed [of years] will be discovered.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>idem utramque vim singulis inesse
ac sine mare aeque gignere</i>.</div>
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The same writer [says that within the rabbit] is the singular power to
procreate equally both with and without a male.</div>
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<br /></div>
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219 <i>benigna circa hoc natura innocua et esculenta animalia fecunda
generavit</i>. </div>
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For all of this, nature obligingly generates harmless
and edible fecund animals </div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>lepus, omnium praedae nascens,
solus praeter dasypodem superfetat</i>, </div>
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The hare, born a prey for all, alone, save for the dasypodem,<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/lxxxi%20Plinius.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
able to conceive anew while still with young,</div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>aliud educans, aliud in utero
pilis vestitum, aliud inplume, aliud inchoatum gerens pariter. <o:p></o:p></i></div>
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one coming forth, another hairy in the uterus, one bald, another
equally ready to be born. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<i>nec non et vestes leporino pilo
facere temptatum est, tactu non perinde molli ut in cute, propter brevitatem
pili dilabidas</i>.</div>
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There is a temptation to make cloth from the rabbit fur, however, it is
not soft to the touch of the skin because the short hairs fall part. </div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania_2.jpg/220px-Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania_2.jpg/220px-Oryctolagus_cuniculus_Tasmania_2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Europena rabbit - image from wikipedia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
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<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/lxxxi%20Plinius.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/lxxxi%20Plinius.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> http<a href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/8*.html">://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/8*.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/lxxxi%20Plinius.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><em><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">Oryctolagus
cuniculus</span></em><em><b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 8pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></em><span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;">Synonyms:</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>Lepus cuniculus</i> Linnaeus,
1758</span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/lxxxi%20Plinius.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>Mustella
furo</i> Linn.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/lxxxi%20Plinius.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>cuniculi
</i>- a complex of tunnels<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/John%20Peter/Desktop/articles/Blog/lxxxi%20Plinius.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> no idea what a dasypodem is perhaps a poetical reference to a soft footed
rabbit, which makes no sense, but I digress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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