Showing posts with label systematics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label systematics. Show all posts

Tuesday, November 06, 2012

HEAR CLOSING - a message from Dr. David Duffy (PCSU/UH)


November 6 2012
HEAR CLOSING - a message from Dr. David Duffy (PCSU/UH)

A message from Dr. David Duffy, Pacific Cooperative Studies
Unit/University of Hawaii:

    "Because of a lack of funds, the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR) (http://www.hear.org) may close as soon as December 15, although there may be enough funds to extend it until February 15. This will mean several things. The web site will be placed on a new server although it is not clear who will pay for the server or for transitioning the site. HEAR data will not be updated. The Pacific Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
site (see http://www.hear.org/pier/abtproj.htm) will also become frozen, as will numerous books, reports and papers. As software evolves we will likely lose the ability to access the data. The various list servers will need new owners, otherwise moderated lists will cease to function altogether, while other lists will not be able to add or delete members. The Starr photo collection will remain accessible, but only through a third party site that will charge for access.
    I should point out that we have already lost the original home of the Pacific Basin Information Node (PBIN) website, although it has found temporary refuge. Together with HEAR, this site represents the corporate memory both here in Hawaii and across the Pacific of efforts to sustain our natural ecosystems and agriculture against problems caused by
species alien to the islands. HEAR also serves as the glue that holds the community together, providing information and facilitating communication. I just hope hindsight is kind to this decision."

               Invasive species are all around us, but most of us never see them. Except for a small group of dedicated people, who over the years have studied and documented the changes in the landscapes of our world, most of us remain oblivious to the changes that are happening to the environment. To those who watch and know the changes brought about by the introduction of novel species, the spread of invasive species is like a wild fire consuming the habitats that shelter life as we know it.

               Invasive species destroy our crops and reduce the food supply that 7 billion people need. Invasive species foul our waters and cost us resources that most of us do not even know we have. Our expectations allow us to presume that resources provided by the diversity of life will always be available to us. As we allow our physical manmade infrastructure to crumble, the ecological systems that surround and support them are changing fast and costing us more.

               The free access of information that once was found in libraries is growing ever smaller, and in the world of invasive species the little electronic portals of knowledge are blinking out along with their hardcopy brethren because some of us feel there is no role for common access to science and experience. In some ways the loss of information will result in a world that knows nothing of the problems facing us as invasive species reduce the resources once at hand. In a tangled twist, the absence of information is validation to many that there is no problem. Without access to species information and their impact on ecosystems, communities will each have to learn anew the effect and cost that some novel species can have on our daily lives.

               The fisherman will see no problem until the lake loses its many species to an exotic flying carp; the farmer will be oblivious until the stink bug reaches his soy bean fields; the gardener will know nothing until the running bamboo takes out the foundation of the home; the child's parent will be content until the python attacks at dusk; the sick will not realize the impact of the insect bite until the doctor speaks of mosquitoes from a distant land; the homeowner will be amused until he learns the cost of termites from a place far far away.

               Then, and only then, when it is too late, will the costs of ignorance come home to roost.  HEAR and PIER provided information in depth to one and all. Individuals and their communities who bear the cost of invasive species and who are unable to pay individually for research information are the losers. They will pay in damage to their fields, gardens and public lands because we did not have the will to provide knowledge to one and all as a public infrastructure service. James Madison wrote to W.T. Barry in 1822:

"A popular Government without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a Prologue to a Farce or a Tragedy, or perhaps both. Knowledge will forever govern ignorance: And a people who mean to be their own Governors, must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives."[1]




[1] Kurland & Lerner, eds. 2000. Epilogue: Securing the Republic,  Chapter 18. © 1987 by The University of Chicago. [accessed November 6, 2012]  http://press-ubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch18s35.html

Sunday, October 30, 2011

A new invasive species: Asian kudzu bug Megacopta cribraria attacks legumes in US


Megacopta cribraria Stone Mountain Park, Dekalb County, Georgia, USA
June 25, 2011Photo#565670 copyright © 2003-2011 Iowa State University

              
             Soybean aphid, corn earworms, soybean rust, soybean cyst nematode, Sclerotina stem rot and the exotic pathogen, red leaf blotch and now the Kudzu bug are threatening the US soy bean crop. Soy beans, Glycine max (L.) Merr.,  are harvested and processed into animal feed and vegetable oil.  The oil component of crushed soybeans is bound for human consumption or biofuel production.  Food uses include tofu, soymilk and soy-based yogurts to name a few.  In addition soy ingredients, according to the Soy Facts  web page provided by Soyatech, "...have become staples in the food manufacturing industry.  Soy protein ingredients play functional roles in baked foods, processed meats and other products. Soybeans are also processed into many industrial products.  The primary one at this time is biodiesel, or soy methyl esters, which may be used in any diesel engine."

            Finding a suitable legume for agricultural production in the south eastern US was a major focus of USDA in the early years of the 20th century. Gibson and Barren (2005) write that "The soybean was first introduced into the American Colonies in 1765 as "Chinese vetches."  According to their web page, "an 1879 report from the Rutgers Agri­cultural College in New Jersey is the first reference that soybeans had been tested in a scientific agri­cultural school in the United States."[1]  In the preface to a 1908 report by Charles V. Piper, agrostologist in charge of forage crop investigations of the Bureau Of Plant Industry for the United States Department of Agriculture lays out the importance of new plant species for agriculture:
"Leguminous crops play so important a part in agriculture that unusual interest attaches to any new ones, especially if adapted to sections of our country where a satisfactory legume is still a desideratum. The need of satisfactory legumes is greatest at present in our semiarid regions, though a good perennial species adapted to the Cotton Belt would be of incalculable value. If it be true that no system of agriculture can anywhere be permanent without the use of a leguminous plant in rotation, this makes imperative the search for such a crop for every part of our country where agriculture is possible"[2]
Among the many species that were tested for potential as a food, feed or forage crops was a close relative of soybean, kudzu, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. Almeida.

            It should come as no surprise then that an invasive species, insect native to the same regions of Asia from which came soybean and kudzu might feed on both species. And given the general lack of concern on the part of the public and the lack of much support for invasive species programs such as EDRR (early detection and rapid response), it was only a matter of time before this new invgasive species reach the US.  Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius) was found invading homes in large numbers in northern Georgia in late October 2009. The good news is that this pest of numerous legumes in Asia, has the potential to provide biological control of kudzu, Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, (Fabaceae); the bad news is that it islikely to continue to be a household pest in the vicinity of kudzu fields as well as become a pest of North American legume crops such as soybean.[3]

            To be very clear, USDA APHIS reports that in China  this recent invasive species, the kudzu bug, "...has caused springtime crop losses of up to 50 percent and summertime losses of up to 30 percent. Severe infestations on some host plants result in seed yield losses, improperly developed pods, and undersized seeds. The bean plataspid is also listed as a harmful pest of Chinese fruit trees. If it moves to other host plants in the United States, the pest has the potential to cause significant agricultural damage."[4]

            The continual drumbeat of those who claim there is no problem from invasive species seems at odds with the facts. Part of the problem is the artificial division of invasive species issues into environmental and agricultural camps. The very term invasive species was created by naturalists to address the destructive nature of introduced species on ecosystem services as if there were no existing category of investigation. At the same time US agriculture has established a century plus dedication to the research, control and management of invading species in both USDA ARS and APHIS dating back in to the late 19th century (and earlier if you take in to account US government efforts surrounding the Hessian fly - but that is another blog) . Instead of working together and pooling resources the two stakeholders view each other warily and lobby their respective federal agencies to adopt policies that occasionally duplicate efforts in research and control strategies.

            As long as we continue to think of managed fields and natural areas as exclusionary ideas we will not address completely the challenges of invasive species. All landscapes are managed to some extent; the tools of horticulture should not be automatically excluded from the needs of ecology. Agriculture must be sympathetic to the problems of invasion biology. The collision of desires is highlighted by the positive control of kudzu and the negative impact on soybean and native legumes. Agricultural pests and ecological invasives are two sides of the same problem. The destruction of our natural areas and our managed fields is growing and in growing adding costs (130 billion Pimentel et al. 2001) which will threaten our collective futures. We must adapt or perish, we cannot hide. 



           

 


[1] Lance Gibson and Garren Benson, Revised March 2005. Origin, History, and Uses of Soybean (Glycine max). Iowa State University, Department of Agronomy http://www.agron.iastate.edu/courses/agron212/Readings/Soy_history.htm

 

[2] USDA Yearbook - Congressional edition, Volume 5481. 1909

[3] J. E. Eger, Jr., L. M. Ames, D. R. Suiter, T. M. Jenkins, D. A. Rider, and S. E. Halbert. April 2. 2010. Occurrence of the Old World bug Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae) in Georgia: a serious home invader and potential legume pest.  Insecta Mundi 0121: 1-11

[4]  USDA APHIS Fact Sheet. October 2010. Invasive Insect (Bean Plataspid) Poses Risk to Soybean Crops and Infests Homes in Southeastern States

Tuesday, August 23, 2011

List of NAPPRA Candidates for Host Plants of Quarantine Pests - USDA APHIS


List of NAPPRA Candidates for Host Plants of Quarantine Pests

NAPPRA: Importation of Plants for Planting - new rules from USDA APHIS



For the associated Federal Register Notice and pest datasheets go to


Quarantine Pest:
Anoplophora chinensis
Host plant genus
Countries from which importation is not authorized
Acacia
All except Canada
Acer
All except Canada, Netherlands
Aesculus
All except Canada
Albizia
All except Canada, Israel
Alnus
All except Canada
Aralia
All except Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala
Betula
All except Canada
Broussonetia
All except Canada
Cajanus
All except Canada
Camellia
All except Canada
Carpinus
All except Canada, Netherlands
Carya
All except Canada
Castanopis
All except Canada
Casuarina
All except Canada
Catalpa
All
Celastrus
All
Cercis
All except Canada, Netherlands, Israel
Chaenomeles
All except Canada
Cornus
All except Canada, Netherlands
Corylus
All except Canada, Netherlands
Cotoneaster
All except Canada, Costa Rica
Crataegus
All except Canada
Cryptomeria
All except Canada
Cydonia
All except Canada
Elaeagnus
All except Canada
Eriobotrya
All except Canada
Fagus
All except Canada
Ficus
All except Canada, China, Costa Rica, Dominican republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Netherlands, Taiwan
Grevillea (=Stylurus)
All
Hedera
All except Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands
Hibiscus
All except Canada
Ilex
All except Canada, Netherlands
Juglans
All except Canada
Lagerstroemia
All except Israel
Lindera
All
Liquidamber
All
Litchi
All
Maackia
All
Mallotus
All
Malus
All except Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands
Melia
All
Morus
All except Canada
Olea
All
Ostrya
All
Parrotia
All except Canada
Persea
All
Photinia
All except Canada
Pinus
All except Canada
Platanus
All
Polygonum
All except Canada
Populus
All except Canada
Prunus
All except Canada, Netherlands
Psidium
All except Canada
Pyracantha
All
Pyrus
All except Canada
Quercus
All except Canada
Rhododendron
All except Canada
Rhus
All except Canada
Robinia
All except Canada
Rosa
All except Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, United Kingdom
Rubus
All except Canada
Sageretia
All except China
Salix
All except Canada
Sapium
All
Sophora
All
Sorbus
All except Canada
Styrax
All
Toona
All
Ulmus
All except Canada
Vernicia
All
Viburnum
All except Canada
Ziziphus
All




Quarantine Pest:
Bursaphelenchus cocophilus
Styrax
All
Toona
All
Ulmus
All except Canada
Vernicia
All
Viburnum
All except Canada
Ziziphus
All

Quarantine Pest:
Ceratocystis maginecans
Mangifera
All

Quarantine Pest:
Chrysomyza abietis
Picea
All except Canada

Quarantine Pest:
Lachnellula willkommii
Larix
All except areas of Canada not regulated for L. willkomii
Pseudolarix
All except areas of Canada not regulated for L. willkomii

Quarantine Pest:
Phytophthora alni
Alnus
All except Canada

Quarantine Pest:
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidae
Actinidia
All

Quarantine Pest:
Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi
Aesculus
All except Canada

Quarantine Pest:
Rhynchophorous ferrugineus
Brahea
All
Butia
All
Calamus
All
Euterpe
All
Manicaria
All
Metroxylon
All
Oncosperma
All
Roystonea
All

Quarantine Pest:
Rynchophorous palmarum
Acrocomia
All
Attalea
All
Bactris
All
Euterpe
All
Manicaria
All
Metroxylon
All
Roystonea
All
Sabal
All
Syagrus
All
Washingtonia
All

Quarantine Pest:
Tomato severe leaf curl virus
Solanum (including syn. Lycopersicon)
All except Canada
Capsicum
All except Canada

Quarantine Pest:
Tomato torrado virus
Solanum (including syn. Lycopersicon)
All except Canada
Amaranthus
All except Canada
Atriplex
All except Canada
Chenopodium
All except Canada
Halogetum
All except Canada
Lepidium (syn. Senebiera, Coronopus)
All except Canada
Malva
All except Canada
Polygonum
All except Canada
Nicotiana
All except Canada
Spergularia
All except Canada

Quarantine Pest:
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae
Punica granatum
All