Friday, December 21, 2007

Which candidate do you think understands Invasive Species?

I invite you to vote on which candidate you think understands the issues of invasive species best. Who would be the best person to bring all parties to the table for a common discussion about invasive species; who would support extreme points of views from any interested group or view point? Who do you think could best manage the issues surrounding invasive species on the national stage? Vote for the invasive species candidate which best serves your concerns.

I will attempt to find position or policy statements on or about invasive species from each candidate. If you find one please let me know so that I can add it.

EDWARDS http://johnedwards.com/news/headlines/20071221-americas-voices/
"Secure our Natural Heritage for Future Generations. At every opportunity, George Bush has put narrow corporate interests ahead of regular families, causing new threats to our nation's great wildlife habitats. Edwards believes that protecting our natural heritage for future generations to enjoy is among our highest duties. He will protect much-needed resources for our national park, forest and wildlife refuge systems, restore balance to federal land management and protect America from invasive species."

MCCAIN http://www.johnmccain.com/Informing/Issues/65bd0fbe-737b-4851-a7e7-d9a37cb278db.htm
"John McCain believes that we are vested with a sacred duty to be proper stewards of the resources upon which the quality of American life depends. Ensuring clean air, safe and healthy water, sustainable land use, ample greenspace - and the faithful care and management of our natural treasures, including our proud National Park System - is a patriotic responsibility."

Thursday, December 20, 2007

Invasive Species kudzu visits southwest; decides to stay

I find it interesting that some stakeholders continue to ask, correctly, for the science behind and underlying an invasive species, or perhaps invasive species issues in general. Not being a scientist, I am condemned to rely on my senses which could of course could and do lead me wildly astray from time to time. Noting that kudzu has made it to Arizona, I wonder if we all could agree that it is an example of a invasive species, and if that is true, could we use some of its attributes to help catagorize some other invasive species. More importantly, how much of a geographic area does an introduced species have to cover before wde can agree it is a problem? This goes to the question of EDDR, early detection and rapid response. Imagine the cost benefits of removing kudzu before it ate the confederacy. This nicely spills over into defintions of native, alien, exotic, weed and harm of which I have previously written much/

ARIZONA WEED NOTES 11 Dec 2007 Phoenix, AZ

ARIZONA KUDZU – One year UpDate
[ By Dr. Ed Northam, Weed Biologist, University of Arizona
Cooperative Extension – Phoenix, AZ 602/470-8086 ext 339
]
In September 2006, Arizona’s first reported population of Kudzu
[ Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. ] was discovered in Huachuca
City, Cochise County.
During early October 2006, plant samples collected from that unusual, sprawling, densely leaved, woody vine, plus photos by Jeffrey Myers, AZ Dept. of Agriculture, was enough evidence for Dr. Ed Northam, Invasive Plants Program Manager, University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Office, Maricopa County to conclude that Arizona had a population of Kudzu. Dr. Kelly Steele (plant taxonomist, AZ State University Polytechnic) also confirmed the initial vegetative diagnosis. DNA sequence analysis of leaf samples from Huachuca City by Dr. Martin F. Wojciechowski, Associate Professor, ASU Tempe, School of Life Sciences, matched published Kudzu DNA sequences. Kudzu attracts attention from Arizona plant scientists and land managers because this foreign vine has demonstrated its ability to dominate and smother both land and vegetation. Mature pine trees, roadsides, telephone poles landscape plantings in southeastern states have been buried under Kudzu’s invasive
growth.

Because of Kudzu’s reputation as a biotic invader, AZ Dept. of Agriculture personnel initiated an eradication process when identification was completed. This control measure is based on
a new herbicide from Dow AgroSciences called Milestone VM. Vince Aguiar, Dow’s range and pasture vegetation specialist for Arizona provided weed management expertise for eradication treatments that began in November 2006. Milestone was applied to the Huachuca City Kudzu at a rate of 7 oz. per acre. This application was repeated in March and June 2007. Visual estimates in August 2007 indicated >97 percent of Kudzu biomass died as a result of those three treatments (see photos provided by Arizona Dept of Agriculture).
Even though the Kudzu infestation appears to be controlled, treatments are planned for 2008 to complete eradication and will continue until new shoots cease to emerge; then occasional monitoring is needed to insure none of the underground root reserves survive and clone new Kudzu plants. Need information on how to identify Kudzu, contact ( enortham@cals.arizona.edu ).

Thursday, December 13, 2007

NOBANIS Fact sheets on Invasive Species from NAL Site

From the National Agricultral Library site, we find that invasive species are not an "American" problem, and certainly, this information goes far in countering those who claim there is no science or problem.

"Fact sheets on Invasive Alien Species
The NOBANIS project provides fact sheets on some of the invasive alien species of the region, covering both animals and plant as well as microorganisms. We are currently in the process of uploading the fact sheets - so please visit this page regularly.
The NOBANIS fact sheets

The species profiles below follow the same format and provide information on the biology, ecology and distribution of the invasive alien species as well as on the impact of the species in the recipient habitats. Furthermore, management approaches are suggested. Important resources such as contact persons, links and references are also presented in the fact sheets. The fact sheets are written by experts of the region and all fact sheets are furthermore refereed by scientific experts from all NOBANIS (North European and Baltic Network) countries - thus ensuring that the collated regional knowledge is reflected in the fact sheets.
The fact sheets presented below are not to be regarded as a consensus list of "worst invasive alien species" for the region. The fact sheets fall in several categories, some can indeed regarded as the worst invaders of the entire region, while others are only a problem in one or a few countries. In each case the impact and status of the species should be clear from the fact sheet. The fact sheets are organised as pdf-files with bookmarks for the 6 section "headings.

1. Acer negundo »
2. Acer pseudoplatanus »
3. Amelanchier spicata »
4. Anguillicola crassus »
5. Anthriscus sylvestris »
6. Aphanomyces astaci »
7. Arion lusitanicus »
8. Arthurdendyus triangulatus »
9. Azolla filiculoides »
10. Bunias orientalis »
11. Cameraria ohridella »
12. Campylopus introflexus »
13. Castor canadensis »
14. Cercopagis pengoi »
15. Chattonella cf. verruculosa »
16. Craspedacusta sowerbyi »
17. Crassostrea gigas »
18. Dreissena polymorpha »
19. Eriocheir sinensis »
20. Fallopia japonica »
21. Galinsoga quadriradiata »
22. Gyrodactylus salaris »
23. Heracleum mantegazzianum »
24. Heracleum sosnowskyi »
25. Homarus americanus »
26. Impatiens glandulifera »
27. Lepomis gibbosus »
28. Lupinus nootkatensis »
29. Lupinus polyphyllus »
30. Marenzelleria neglecta »
31. Melampsoridium hiratsukanum »
32. Mustela vison »
33. Neogobius melanostomus »
34. Nyctereutes procyonoides »
35. Oncorhynchus mykiss »
36. Ondatra zibethicus »
37. Pacifastacus leniusculus »
38. Paralithodes camtschaticus »
39. Phoxinus phoxinux »
40. Phytophthora ramorum »
41. Pinus mugo »
42. Pontogammarus robustoides »
43. Procyon lotor »
44. Prunus serotina »
45. Pseudorasbora parva »
46. Rosa rugosa »
47. Salmo salar »
48. Sambucus nigra »
49. Sander lucioperca »
50. Sargassum muticum »
51. Senecio inaequidens »
52. Solidago canadensis »
53. Spartina anglica »
54. Teredo navalis »
55. Trachemys scripta »

Wednesday, December 12, 2007

Invasive Species Fill my Time

I thought I should post something about my activities on and about invasive species issues as way of apology for having been rather absent from regular writings on this web log.

First, I have been well engaged in the efforts of the Sustainable Sites project serving on a technical sub committee and recently back from a meeting at the LBJ Wild Flower Center with the entire membership of the several sub committees. Please take the time to review the draft now available for public comment at http://www.sustainablesites.org/. Invasive species conversations sometimes seem to suggest that we should revert to completely “natural” landscapes, without actually working through some of the human and development design implications and needs. Sustainable landscapes would address eco-service considerations as well as design needs. And invasive species would be specifically considered and motivation supplied to find alternatives.

Second, I recently returned from a meeting at the Missouri Botanical Garden which set up a steering committee under the guidance of Dr. Peter Raven to assess the need and start the process to create a Cultivated Flora of North America. I look forward to working with the steering committee and writing about this in greater detail in the near future. Before we can legislate or regulate or even educate, we will need to know what it is that we are dealing with.

Third, I have been working with Dr. Thomas Elias of the National Arboretum to offer a conference/workshop on gaps in knowledge in invasive species science. I hope to write about topics to be considered in the near future. Cultivars and sterility will top the list for consideration as well as discussion about the need for a Cultivated Flora. In addition I hope to work in conversation about climate change and the implication for invasive species.

Fourth, I am concerned that the USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory position at the National Agricultural Research Center in Beltsville (see links below) in Scale Insect Systematics (formerly filled by Dr. Douglass Miller) has been abolished. The duties associated with this position are critical to US biosecurity and pest management, because the USDA must be able to identify and provide information on these highly invasive pests.

And fifth, I continue to be working to find answers and support for the continuing decline of funding for both BARC and the National Agricultural Library. I hope to find sometime in the next week or so to write in greater depth on each of these topics.

Invasive Species Complexities: A Wicked Inconvenience
Invasive Species (Kudzu) Meets Fox News
National Agricultural Research Center; Invasive Species, Climate Change & Poison Ivy
BARC: Funding for Research Continues to Fall
BARC-National Agricultural Research Center Alliance NARABHomeland security; E. coli, and diminished funding & BARC

Sunday, November 25, 2007

Invasive Species Challenge

The conflict between beauty and order versus diversity and complexity is a wicked inconvenience of invasive species issues. Fear of and for nature collide in the quest for the moral high ground. The simple serenity of a traditional landscape with its easy to comprehend species syntax, is set in high relief to the swirling interactions and complicated relationships which require a great amount of landscape syntax to understand. The cultural collision of our ideas about nature is focused as we contend with the desire to subdue and control while at the same time the need to preserve and protect.

The brilliant burning red color of the burning bush, Euonymus alatus, is, at first glance, a beacon bringing the eye to a specific point, and helping find easily recognized reference points within the garden. At the same time at some subliminal level we note and store the signal of warning and danger that red sends. The traditional garden gives comfort to short term feelings of tranquility and peace; the long term needs of our common environment our obscured by our short term near horizon decision making dynamics. We are constantly pulled in different directions that are seemingly irreconcilable. They need not be. If color is the landscape design need, then sumac in the Chesapeake region is a native replacement. If the tight, well manicured look is called for, then someday, researchers at faculties like the National Arboretum will perhaps discover sterile cultivars of the burning bush. I am radically moderate in my belief that we can find consensus in future adaptations and adjustments to changing expectations and needs. We can find the common ground which will propel us forward into tomorrow.

Friday, November 23, 2007

USDA BARC Turkeys and the Holidays


Just a little holiday fun from the people and programs of the USDA's Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. The picture is from 1943 at Behnke Nurseries, William Behnke, son of Albert and Rose, the founders, and the "Beltsville Small White" turkeys, stars of the segment in the link provided.

Friday, November 02, 2007

Invasive Species go 'round and 'round; where they'll stop, no one knows

Invasive species issues are at the very least a casual out-come of our modern efficient market place, and our world-wide assumption that we can use cultural ideas of commerce from the past while benefiting from modern technological advances. Finding new commodities to enhance our quality of life, transporting goods faster and faster, assuming that the refuse of the capital equation will somehow be taken care of, these are idea-pathways or vectors for invasive species. We, in the United States, expect to eat strawberries from New Zealand in January, because we can, and therefore will; somehow we are owed this without consideration of possible unthought-of of long-term consequences.

“On 30 Aug 2007, the Italian Ministry of Health notified, through the Early Warning and response System (EWRS) and under the revised International Health Regulations [IHR(2005)], the EU Member States, the European Centre of Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the IHR contact point of the World Health Organization (WHO) regional office for Europe, about a
laboratory confirmed outbreak of chikungunya fever in the region of Emilia-Romagna in north eastern Italy.”[1] “Chikungunya fever is a viral disease transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquitoes. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a member of the genus Alphavirus, in the family Togaviridae. CHIKV was first isolated from the blood of a febrile patient in Tanzania in 1953, and has since been identified repeatedly in west, central and southern Africa and many areas of Asia, and has been cited as the cause of numerous human epidemics in those areas since that time. The virus circulates throughout much of Africa, with transmission thought to occur mainly between mosquitoes and monkeys.”[2]

“The current outbreak of chikungunya in Italy is the 1st documented vectorborne transmission of the virus in continental Europe. The autochthonous transmission has extended beyond the initial 2 villages, resulting in the establishment of at least 3 secondary transmission foci by local mosquitoes. In addition, the transmission in the initial villages had not yet ceased at the time of our visit, more than 2 months after the initial case occurred. The importance of this event should not be underestimated and its comprehensive documentation is crucial to ensure a maximal benefit to control its spread and for future preparedness in case of similar occurrences of mosquito-borne disease transmission, in Italy and elsewhere."

"Risk for sustained virus transmission of Chikungunya virus in Italy Several factors seem to have contributed to the establishment of local transmission in continental Europe:- - the presence in high density of _Aedes albopictus_ in an area of the Emilia-Romagna region where it had appeared relatively recently and was therefore not yet covered by the vector monitoring system;- - an ecological situation favourable for the development of the vector and for virus transmission, considering the dense local vegetation and domestic backyards with plant pots and potential water containers in the 2 villages;- - the introduction of the virus by a visitor returning from a chikungunya high endemic area;- - sufficient (human) population density.”[3]

And now the interesting part for both oblivious Americans and Americans who may think that invasive species issues are unique to the United States:

"Based on the available data, it is likely that the transmission of chikungunya virus will persist in the coming weeks, probably until the end of October 2007 when the local vector activity should disappear. This may result in additional chikungunya fever cases occurring and being reported until then. It cannot be excluded that, in case of a particularly mild winter, local vector activity may persist during winter, especially in urban settings, potentially resulting in few sporadic cases which would, however, maintain mosquito-to-human transmission cycles until the spring. In addition, considering the existence of vertical (trans-ovarian)transmission, reported "in natura" in a tropical region, mosquitoesinfected with Chikungunya virus may re-appear in the spring of 2008, whenmosquito eggs hatch and vector activity starts again after the winter.”[4]

A friend of mine wrote eloquently the following:

“This is most unfortunate. The U.S. got the "lovely" invasive Asian tiger mosquito from import of used tires from Japan several decades ago. Obviously not having learned much from this mistake, the U.S. has sincepassed the ATM on to Italy so they can be miserable outdoors as well. And the Italians get the added bonus of a disease. Can anyone tell me WHY we all keep shipping mosquito infested used tires around the world that are obviously being shipped with water and mosquitoes in them? The benefit of the international used tire trade (I assume there is a benefit) cannot outweigh these disadvantages. If we can't address something seemingly simple like this (e.g., can the tires be drained or maybe chipped first?), it's hard to be hopeful about other prevention and early detection rapid response efforts against the really serious exotic pests. Seriously, can someone explain this to me? Please? Thank you”

[1] communicated by: Roland Hubner, Scientific Collaborator, Health Council, FPS Public Health
Belgium. roland.hubner@health.fgov.be
[2] CDC fact sheet http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/Chikungunya/chikvfact.htm
[3] communicated by: Roland Hubner, Scientific Collaborator, Health Council, FPS Public Health
Belgium. roland.hubner@health.fgov.be
[4] communicated by: Roland Hubner, Scientific Collaborator, Health Council, FPS Public Health
Belgium. roland.hubner@health.fgov.be

Thursday, November 01, 2007

Standards & Guidelines for Sustainable Landscapes

I am delighted to be able to serve as a Sustainable Sites Initiative member on this project, which addresses, among many things, invasive species and our garden designs; and to be given the opportunity to assist in the creation of a new paradigm for landscaping and land development in our dynamic environment. Many of my past posts have commented on the need to have a voluntary conservation alternative when we choose how to address our world and our eco-systems.

"The Sustainable Sites Initiative is developing national, voluntary standards and guidelines for sustainable land development and management practices as well as metrics to assess site performance and a rating system to recognize achievement. It is a partnership of the American Society of Landscape Architects, the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, the United States Botanic Garden and a diverse group of national stakeholder organizations. The U.S. Green Building Council, a major stakeholder in the initiative, has committed to incorporating these guidelines and standards into the future evolution of the LEED® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building Rating System.

The initiative is in the process of developing the Standards and Guidelines for Sustainable Sites - a compilation of current research, technology, and practices to provide technical guidance and performance benchmarks. The Preliminary Report on the Standards and Guidelines (
www.sustainablesites.org/report.html) is now available for comment. The purpose of this report is to provide a snapshot of the first findings of the initiative with the intention of collecting feedback from professionals and stakeholders. It is critical to receive knowledge and input from other professionals and stakeholders to ensure that the products of the Sustainable Sites Initiative are relevant to those who influence land practices. Please share this document with other colleagues. An online feedback form (www.sustainablesites.org/questionnaire.html) is available to submit comments on the preliminary report. The public comment period will be open until January 11, 2008.

Many local and regional efforts now provide guidelines for improved land development and management practices. Sustainable Sites recognizes the importance and relevance of these programs and is interested in information sharing and partnering.

If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact info@sustainablesites.org"

Thursday, October 25, 2007

Invasive Species Definitions akin to Herding Cats

I attempted to respond to Cats are Invasive Species, 20 May 2007 by Sally, but found that comments were restricted to the team. Her contention is that by strictly construing the opening of the federal defintion, and more importantly, setting aside certain human needs and values in the consideration, that, then, by definition, house cats are invasive species. While true at a surface level understanding, as usual, invasive species matters never quite hold still for our particular desired outcomes.


Of course, the federal definition goes a little further, and has certain implied and stated qualifiers. I hold that this is not a world of absolutes, but, a world entwined with issues laden with value judgements; it is a wicked inconvenience that the invasive species issue is wrought with such complexities that individual stakeholders start with their end game results in mind and then define the term to suit their desired outcome. I have written much about invasive species as a wicked problem: Invasive Species; Wicked Inconvenience: part two. http://ipetrus.blogspot.com/2007/02/invasive-species-wicked-inconvenience_18.html


I have included excerpts from a federal white paper and a link thereto: "An invasive species is a non-native species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human, animal, or plant health. The National Invasive Species Management Plan indicates that NISC will focus on non-native organisms known to cause or likely to cause negative impacts and that do not provide an equivalent or greater benefit to society. In the technical sense, the term ‘invasion’ simply denotes the uncontrolled or unintended spread of an organism outside its native range with no specific reference about the environmental or economic consequences of such spread or their relationships to possible societal benefits. However, the policy context and subsequent management decisions necessitate narrowing what is meant and what is not meant by the term invasive species. Essentially, we are clarifying what is meant and not meant by “causing harm” by comparing negative effects caused by a non-native organism to its potential societal benefits.For a non-native organism to be considered an invasive species in the policy context, the negative effects that the organism causes or is likely to cause are deemed to outweigh any beneficial effects. Many non-native introductions provide benefits to society and even among species that technically meet the definition of invasive, societal benefits may greatly exceed any negative effects (for example crops and livestock raised for food). However, in some cases any positive effects are clearly overshadowed by negative effects, and this is the concept of causing harm. For example, water hyacinth has been popular in outdoor aquatic gardens but its escape to natural areas where its populations have expanded to completely cover lakes and rivers has devastated water bodies and the life they support, especially in the southeastern U.S. And, there are some organisms, such as West Nile virus, that provide almost no benefits to society at all. Such organisms constitute a small fraction of non-native species, but as a consequence of their ability to spread and establish populations outside their native ranges, they can be disastrous for the natural environment, the economies it supports, and/or public health. Because invasive species management is difficult and often very expensive, these worst offenders are the most obvious and best targets for policy attention and management." excerpt from http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/docs/council/isacdef.pdf

Saturday, October 13, 2007

List of Invasive Biofuel Species (updated with links to GRIN & GCW): Traits of Invasive Species

I am posting today my updated partial list with links to GRIN and CWG of plant species which are or have been under consideration as possible bio-fuel sources. This is by no means a comprehensive list, but rather a quick scan of the first twenty pages of a “google” search using the phrase ‘biofuel species’. The economic benefits of bio-fuel species are large, but considered with in a short term time frame. The long term challenges may collide with the short term benefits “…because traits deemed ideal in a bio-energy crop are also commonly found among invasive species (note the following).”[1]

“C4 photosynthesis;
Long canopy duration;
Perennial;
No known pests or diseases;
Rapid growth in spring (to out-compete weeds);
Sterility;
High water-use efficiency;
Partitions nutrients to belowground components in the fall”[2]

This partial listing is not exclusive to the United States, but rather provides an over-view as to the direction the world community may be exploring. Further, this is not a list of invasive species, as, by its very nature, it is more a guide for reference, and for use in making regionally local determinations of the possibility of invasiveness.

Users should not use this list as an authority without first checking sources and verifying the information for themselves. Any information or corrections as to native range will be appreciated. Users should refer to the Global Compendium of Weeds for definitions of terminology. Listing of a species herein does not necessarily imply an invasive species, but rather suggests a closer look before introducing or cultivating the species for bio-fuel.

Today’s additions are for the most part traditional agricultural commodity crops

Any corrections or additions would be appreciated; please include citation for accreditation.

Acer pseudoplatanus L. (sycamore)[3] native-western Eurasia; cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed: North America[GCW]
Acrocomia (aculeate) aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. (macaw palm [GRIN] Macauba palm) [4] native-Central and North South America; weed Florida[GCW]
Aleurites fordii Hemsl. (tung oil tree)[5] native-Eurasia[GCW]; agricultural weed, casual alien, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Japan, Florida, New Zealand, Dominican Republic [GCW]
Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. (candlenut) [6] widely cultivated & naturalized in tropics, exact native range obscure[GRIN]; casual alien, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: nican Republic, Federated States of Micronesia, Christmas Island, New Zealand, partsd of North America[GCW]
Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew nut)[7] native-Northern & Western South America[GRIN]; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, sleeper weed, weed: Australia, Costa Rica, Belize, Singapore[GCW]
Andropogon gerardii Vitman (big blue-stem, Gerard grass)[8] native-North & Central & North America[GRIN]; cultivation escape, naturalised, weed[GCW]
Annona muricata L. (soursop)[9] widely cultivated & naturalized, probable origin West Indies[GRIN]; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Vanuatu, R.D.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Ecuador, Galapagos, Federated States of Micronesia, Singapore[GCW]
Arachis hypogaea L. (Ariachis hypogaea) [10] (peanut) only cultivated[GRIN], tropical S America, trop S Amer (probably Brazil - not known in wild), S. America, Brazil, South America, Brazil[GCW]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, naturalised, weed: Finland, Denmark, Isle of Wight, Cornwall, British Isles, Belize, United States, Galapagos, Lithuanian, Taiwan, Mexico[GCW]
Arundo donax L. (giant reed)[11] native-North Africa, Central & South Eurasia[GCW]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed: Azores Archipelago, New Zealand, Portugal, Australia, United States, Jamaica, Japan, Canary Islands, South Africa, Egypt, Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana. Hungary, Pacific Ecosystems, Spain[GCW]
Attalea funifera Mart. ex Spreng. (piassava)[12] native-South America, Brazil[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Avena sativa L. (oat)[13] only cultivated[GRIN], West Asia/Europe, "Kulturpfl., Heimat:SE-Eur., SW-As.,", Probably cultivated origin in Medit, from Avena fatua, Euras., Eurasia, Europe, southern Europe, Old World, Eurasia, Obscure[GCW]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: New Zealand, Brazil, Denmark, Finland, Canary Islands, Japan, Australia, Hungary, Cornwall, Iceland, Mexico, Spain, Australia, British Isles, United States, Czech Republic, Chile, South Africa, Argentina, Iceland, Tasmania, Galapagos[GCW]
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem)[14] native-Asia tropical[GRIN]; Asia (Bangladesh, India, northern Myanmar), exact native range obscure[GCW]; agricultural weed, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed: Caribbean, North America (USA & Canada), British Isles, China, Czech Republic, Belarus[GCW]
Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (Brazil nut)[15] native-South America[GRIN]; naturalised: Dominican Republic, Micronesia[GCW];
Brassica alba (L.) Rabenh. (mustard)[16] native: no information[GCW]; agricultural weed, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Canada. United States, Mexico[GCW]
Brassica napus L. (rapeseed)[17] only cultivated, possible origin in cultivation[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Japan, Palestine, Europe (Czech Republic, Spain, British Isles, Nordic Countries. Ireland), Mexico, Iceland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Paraguay, United States (California, Idaho), Galapagos, Lithuania, Ukraine, Chile [GCW]
Calendula officinalis L. (calendula)[18] native origin unknown[GRIN]; casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, sleeper weed, weed: Finland, Denmark, Japan. Australia, Hungary, Mediterranean, British Isles, New Zealand, Mexico, Spain[GCW]
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (camelina)[19] native-Eurasia[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Finland, Denmark, Japan, Argentina, Australia, United States (Illinois, Michigan, California, Colorado), Iceland, Germany, Netherlands[GCW]
Cannabis sativa L. (hemp)[20] probable origin south-central Asia[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed: Finland, India, Korea, South Africa, Australia, British Isles, New Zealand, Cornwall, Micronesia, China, United States[GCW]
Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower)[21] probable origin west Asia[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: Finland, Denmark, Japan, Canary Islands, Western Europe[GCW]
Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, orth. var. (pecan)[22] native origin unknown[GCW]; weed: region undefined [GCW]
Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (pequi)[23] native-South America[GRIN]; weed: region undefined [GCW]
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (kapok)[24] naturalized in tropical Asia, native range uncertain[GRIN]; cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Tanzania, Micronesia, Galapagos, Australia, Christmas Island [GCW]
Cocos nucifera L. (coconut)[25] pantropic, probable origin paleotropics[GRIN]; casual alien, cultivation escape, naturalised, weed: Guyana; Surinam; French Guiana, Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, Marquesas Islands, Australia, Singapore, Galagapos, United States, Belize[GCW]
Coffea arabica L. (coffee)[26] native range uncertain[GRIN]; casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, sleeper weed, weed: Australia, Surinam, Belize, Paraguay, Micronesia, Marquesas Islands, Hawaii, Ecuador, Pierto Rico, Caribbean Isalnds, Galapagos, Canary Islands, Swaziland, Surinam; French Guiana[GCW]
Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander, cilantro)[27] probable origin Mediterranean region[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, garden thug, naturalised, sleeper weed, weed: Finland, Japan, Canary Islands, Egypt, Australia, Hungary, United States (California), British Isles, Spain, Austria, Germany, Belize, New Zealand, China, Puerto Rico, Canary Islands, Lithuania, Hawaii, Czech Republic, Spain[GCW]
Corylus avellana L. (hazelnut)[28] origin uncertain-Eurasia[GRIN]; environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Westerm Europe, Australia, United States, Hawaii[GCW]
Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R. E. Fr. (crambe)[29] native-uncertain; casual alien, naturalised: Czech Republic[GCW]
Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth (buffalo gourd)[30] native-uncertain [GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, weed: Mexico, United States, Austria[GCW]
Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin seed)[31] native-uncertain[GCW]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, sleeper weed, weed: Finland, Denmark, Canary Islands, Australia, Hungary, British Isles, Spain, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Czech Republic, Ukraine, Canada[GCW]
Diploknema butracea (species not listed in USDA plant list; maybe local name)[32]
Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (oil palm)[33] [34] native-tropical Africa[GRIN]; naturalised, weed: Guyana; Surinam, French Guiana, United States (Florida)[GCW]
Erythea salvadorensis H.Wendl. ex Becc. (palm)[35] (species not listed in USDA plant list; taxonomy confused)
Euphorbia lagascae Spreng. (euphorbia)[36] native-Italy, Spain[GRIN]; casual alien: Czech Republic[GCW]
Euphorbia lathyris L. (gopher plant)[37] exact native range obscure[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, New Zealand, Portugual, Denmark, Japanm, Australia, Switzerland, Chile[GCW]
Garcinia (no species reference: Genus: Garcinia L )[38]
Glycine max (L.) Merr. (soybean)[39] origin east Asia[GRIN]; casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Finland, Denmark, Hungary, Australia, British Isles, R.D.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Paraguay, Belize, United States, Galapagos, Puerto Rico, Lithuania[GCW]
Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton)[40] native-no information[GCW]; casual alien, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: British Isles, Spain, Australia, Paraguay, Hawaii[GCW]
Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower)[41] native-North America, probably not native in eastern United States[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, naturalised, environmental weed, garden thug, noxious weed, weed: Philippines, Finland, Israel, Portugual, Denmark, Japan, Australia, Canary Islands, Hungary, British Isles, Mexico, Canada, United States, Austria, Germany, Belize, Puerto Rico, South Africa[GCW]
Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg. (rubber seed[42])[43] native-South America[GRIN]; environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Dominican Republic, Mexico, R.D.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Micronesia, Belize, Australia, Singapore, Christmas Island[GCW]
Hibiscus cannabinus L. (kenaf)[44] native-Africa[GRIN]; agricultural weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: Japan, Egypt, South Africa, United States (Florida), Zimbabwe[GCW]
Hypericum canariense L. (canari)[45] native-Canary Islands[GRIN]; environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: United States, Hawaii, Australia[GCW]
Jatropha curcas L. (jatropha) [46] [47] native-Mexico, South America[GRIN]; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Guyana; Surinam, French Guiana, Carribean, Tanzania, Australia, Costa Rica (native invasive?), Hawaii, South Africa, United States (Florida), Galapagos, Puerto Rico, Swaziland[GCW]
Lesquerella ludoviciana (Nutt.) S. Watson (silver bladderpod)[48] native-North America[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Licania rigida Benth. (oiticia)[49] native-South America[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Linum usitatissimum L. (linseed, flax)[50] only cultivated[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: Finland, Denmark, Chile, Autralia, Iceland, British Isles, New Zealand, Hawaii[GCW]
Liquidambar styraciflua L. (sweetgum)[51] native- El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico – Chiapas, Nicaragua, United States[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, naturalised, weed: Canada, Australia, New Zealand[GCW]
Lupinus albus L. (lupine)[52] native-Europe & western Asia[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, weed: Hungary Chile, Austria, British Isles, United States, Australia, Czech Republic, New Zealand[GCW]
Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell. (Macadamia terniflora)[53] (Macadamia nut)[54] native- Australasia[GRIN]; naturalised: Swaziland[GCW]
Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel. (mehua, Tengkawang or Illipe nut)[55] native to-no information; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Mauritia flexuosa L. f. (Buriti palm)[56] native-South America[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Melia azedarach L. (mindi) [57] native-temperate & tropical Asia, Autralasia, southwestern Pacific[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed: South Africa, Caribbean, Palestine, southern Australia, United States, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, United Kingdom[GCW]
Merunggai[58] (species not listed in USDA plant list)
Miscanthus × giganteus[59] (Miscanthus x giganteus Sterile hybrids. Most cultivars used as commercial crops in Europe start with this name.)[60] not listed in GRIN or CWG. This is an obvious gap in knowledge and should probably not be taken as a indication of non invasive tendencies.
Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth. (Amur silvergrass).”[61] Native-Russian Far East, China, Japan[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Austria, United States, China, British Isles, Canada[GCW]
Miscanthus sinensis Andersson (Chinese silvergrass) [62] native-Russian Federation - Kurile Islands [s.], Primorye [s.], Sakhalin [s.],China: China [e.], Japan, Korea, Taiwan,
Malesia, Indonesia – Celebes, Philippines[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, Australia, Japan, British Isles, Canada, China, Micronesia, Guyana, Micronesia[GCW]
Olea europaea L. (olive)[63] native-Africa & Eurasia[GRIN]; weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed: New Zealand, Australia, United States[GCW]
Orbignya martiana Barb. Rodr. (Babassu palm)[64] native to-no information; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Oryza sativa L. (rice)[65] cultivated throughout tropic, subtropic, & warm-temperate regions[GRIN]; weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Cuba, Brazil, United States (California, Florida), Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Mexico, Costa Rica, Australia[GCW]
Nephelium lappaceum L. (rambutan)[66] native- China, Hainan, Yunnan, Cambodia; Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Malesia, Indonesia, Celebes, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Malaysia[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Panicum virgatum L. (switch grass)[67] native-Canada, United States, Mexico, Central America, Cuba[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, naturalised, weed: Finland, Canada, Denmark, British Isles, United States[GCW]
Papaver somniferum L. (opium poppy)[68] native-Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Libya, Cyprus, Morrocco, Tunisia, Greece, Italy, France[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Finland, Denmark, Japan, Australia, Canary Islands, Portugal, United States (California), Hungary, Cornwall, Switzerland[GCW]
Paulownia tomentosa (empresstree, foxglove-tree, karritree, princesstree, mao pao tong, Transcribed Chinese, paulownia imperial, chinesischer, kiri, paulovnia-real, quiri) [68a] [68b] Native – China [GRIN]; casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed [GCW]
Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. (elephant grass)[69] native-Africa[GRIN]; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed: Caribbean, United States, Canada, Hawaii[GCW]
Persea americana Mill. (avocado)[70] native-North America, Central America[GRIN]; casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: Finland, Caribbean, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, British Isles, Micronesia, Belize, United States (Florida), Galapagos, New Zealand, Puerto Rico[GCW]
Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canary grass) [71] native-North America, Eurasia[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, Iceland, Austria, New Zealand, Queen Charlotte Islands, Tasmania, China[GCW]
Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine)[72] native-North America[GRIN]; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: South Africa, Paraguay, Ecuador, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand[GCW]
Platonia insignis Mart. (bacuri)[73] native-Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Para, Colombia, Paraguay[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc. (Japanese knotweed)[74] native-no information in GRIN or GCW; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, Canada, New Zealand, Ecuador, Korea, South Africa, China[GCW]
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (karanj[75]) [76] native-no information; garden thug, weed: R.D.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Puerto Rico, United States (Florida)[GCW]
Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall subsp. deltoides (cottonwood)[77] native-North America[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Portugal, Spain, South Africa, Australia, United States, New Zealand, Lithuania[GCW]
Psophocarpus tetrangonolobus (four-sided bean)[78] origin possibly tropical Asia or Madagascar[GRIN]; naturalised: New Zealand[GCW]
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (bracken)[79] worldwide weed[GRIN]; agricultural weed, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Palestine, Philippines, Jamaica, Brazil, Australia, United States, South Africa, Slovenia, Canada[GCW]
Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S. M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep (kudzu)[80] native- Russian, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Malesia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu[GRIN]; agricultural weed, environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, Ecuador, British Isles, Japan, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland[GCW]
Punica granatum L. (Chinese apple; pomegranate) [81] native-Asia[GRIN]; casual alien, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, weed: India, Canary Islands, British Isles, Spain, Belize, United States, Galapagos, Canada, Puerto Rico, Switzerland[GCW]
Ricinus communis L. (castor)[82] [83] probable origin Africa[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: Finland, Azores, New Zealand, Portugal, Japan, Brazil, Thailand, Peru, Ecuador, Untied States, Hawaii[GCW]
Robinia pseudoacacia L. (black locust) [84] native-North America[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, garden thug, naturalised, noxious weed, sleeper weed, weed: New Zealand, Portugal, New England, Korea, Japan, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, Peru, Ecuador, Hawaii[GCW]
Salix spp (willows)[85] (no species reference: Genus: Salix L )[86]
Salvadora persica L. (meswak; toothbrush tree)[87] native-Africa, Mid East, Asian subcontinent[GRIN]; weed: Egypt[GCW]
Sesamum orientale L. (sesame) [88] [89] native-no information; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, naturalised, weed: Denmark, Java, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, British Isles, Australia, Puerto Rico, United States (Florida) [GCW]
Shorea pinanga Scheff. [90] Native-Brunei. Indonesia, Malaysia[GRIN]; no negative references in GRIN or GCW
Shorea seminis (unsure of species nomenclature and taxonomic reference)[91]
Shorea singkawang (unsure of species nomenclature and taxonomic reference)[92]
Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby (Virginia mallow)[93] native-no information; casual alien: Czech Republic[GCW]
Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid. (jojoba, goatnut)[94] native-North America[GRIN]; naturalised: United States, Canary Islands[GCW]
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (Johnson grass) [95] native-Egypt, Libya, Asia[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, New Zealand, Cuba, Korea, Denmark, Japan, South Africa, Italy, Argentina,Hungary, Australia, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Gibralter, Taiwan[GCW]
Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (smooth cordgrass)[96] native-North & South America: casual alien, cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, New Zealand, Denmark, Canada, British Isles, Australia, South Africa[GCW]
Spartina anglica C. E. Hubb. (English cordgrass)[97] native-United Kingdom[GRIN]; cultivation escape, environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, New Zealand, Australia, England, Tasmania, China, Germany[GCW]
Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth (big cordgrass) native-North America[GRIN]; weed[GCW]
Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl. (marsh grass) native-North America & Caribbean[GRIN]; environmental weed, naturalised, noxious weed, weed: United States, Canada, Spain[GCW]
Spartina pectinata Link (sloughgrass)[98] native-North America[GRIN]; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, naturalised: Denmark, Ireland, England, Canada[GCW]
Theobroma cacao L. (cocoa)[99] native-South America[GRIN]; cultivation escape, naturalised, weed: R.D.Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Costa Rica, Micronesia, Galapagos, Puerto Rico[GCW] Zea mays L. (corn)[100] [101] no information in GRIN or GCW on native range; agricultural weed, casual alien, cultivation escape, garden thug, naturalised, weed: Finland, Denmark, Canary Islands, Hungary, Cornwall, New Zealand, Austria, Micronesia, Paraguay, Ecuador, Galapagos, Puerto Rico, Chile, Czech Republic, British Isles, Canada, Ukraine, Australia, United States (Florida) [GCW]
[1] Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?, S. Raghu,* R. C. Anderson, C. C. Daehler, A. S. Davis, R. N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, R. N. Mack: http://www.bio.ilstu.edu/anderson/Raghu_et_al_2006%20Final%20published%20article%20September%2022%202006.pdf
[2] Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?, S. Raghu,* R. C. Anderson, C. C. Daehler, A. S. Davis, R. N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, R. N. Mack: http://www.bio.ilstu.edu/anderson/Raghu_et_al_2006%20Final%20published%20article%20September%2022%202006.pdf
[3] Plant Materials Used for Biofuel, Plant Materials Program: http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/NPMFactSheets/Biofuel/Biofuels-FactSheet-June07.pdf
[4] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[5] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[6] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[7] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[8] Virginia mallow – Huge potential for one of the most promising perennial biomass crops, prof. Halina Borkowska, Agricultural College Lublin prof. BolesÅ‚aw Styk, Agricultural College Lublin, Roman Molas, Hort-Max/BNI, Lublin, Poland: http://www.worldofrenewables.com/index.php?do=viewarticle&artid=198&title=virginia-mallow-huge-potential-for-one-of-the-most-promising-perennial-biomass-crops
[9] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[10] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[11] Adding Biofuels to the Invasive Species Fire?, S. Raghu,* R. C. Anderson, C. C. Daehler, A. S. Davis, R. N. Wiedenmann, D. Simberloff, R. N. Mack: http://www.bio.ilstu.edu/anderson/Raghu_et_al_2006%20Final%20published%20article%20September%2022%202006.pdf
[12] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[13] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[14] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[15] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1
[16] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[17] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[18] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[19] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[20] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[21] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[22] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[23] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[24] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[25] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[26] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[27] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[28] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[29] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[30] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[31] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
ATTRA Publication #IP281
[32] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[33] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
ATTRA Publication #IP281
[34] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[35] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[36] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[37] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[38] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[39] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[40] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[41] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[42] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[43] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[44] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[45] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[46] Jatropha Curcas: Promising Biofuel Or Invasive Species?, Bruce Mulliken, Green Energy News: http://www.enn.com/energy/article/21863
[47] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[48] Evaluation, Improvement, and Development of New/alternative Industrial Crops, 2004 Annual Report
[49] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[50] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[51] POTENTIAL HARDWOOD TREE SPECIES FOR BIOFUELS IN
THE SOUTHEAST UNITED STATES, Oghenekome Onokpise, Clifford Louime,
Don Rockwood and Richard Hall: http://www.mdpi.org/ijms/specialissues/IJMS-24-04-abstract.pdf
[52] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[53] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[54] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[55] Biodiesel: Hitting the target, Hm Behl, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow- 226001, INDIA: http://isebindia.com/environews/souvenir_tech_papers.pdf
[56] Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions, By Al Kurki, Amanda Hill, and Mike Morris. NCAT Program Specialists, Published 2006: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodiesel_sustainable.html#table1 ATTRA Publication #IP281
[57] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
[58] 50 species of plants in Indonesia can provide Alternative fuel, Tourism Indonesia: http://www.tourismindonesia.com/2007/08/50-species-of-plants-in-indonesia-can.html
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