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| Beefsteak plant flower http://www.biosurvey.ou.edu/okwild/beefsteak.html |
Natural
areas, parks and woods of the Lower Chesapeake Bay have yet another early detection
of a non indigenous, alien species. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton 1894, [synonyms:
Ocimum frutescens L.; Perilla ocymoides L.] beefsteak plant,
has been found to be spreading beyond Maryland's cultivated, managed gardens
and landscapes. Escaped from gardens in New York as early as 1898, it was
reported as a weed of wastelands.[1] Bernard McMahon, the great American
horticulturalist, was selling Perilla
seed as early as 1804.[2] Marc
Imlay, the great weed warrior, has been weeding Perilla from parks in Maryland since 1998.[3]
Beefsteak
plant also known as Chinese basil; purple or perilla mint, is described on the Missori
Botanical Garden website as
"an upright, bushy annual that
is native from the Himalayas to Southeast Asia. It is related to coleus and
basil. It has become a very popular foliage annual and salad herb plant. It
grows to 1-3’ (less frequently to 4’) tall. Wrinkled, serrate, broad ovate,
medium green leaves (to 4” long) are sometimes tinged with purple. Leaves are
aromatic. Two-lipped nettle-like white flowers in spike-like inflorescences (to
4”) bloom at the stem tips in late summer and fall (August – October). Flowers
are not particularly showy. This plant has escaped gardens and naturalized
throughout many areas of the eastern and central U. S., including central and
southern Missouri. Fresh leaves are used in Oriental cooking, salads, soups and
as garnishes. Deep red leaves of some perilla varieties purportedly resemble
the color of uncooked beef, hence the common name."
 |
| USDA Plants - spread of Purilla frutescens http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=pefr4 |
Perilla
frutescens is reported as invasive in DC, IL, MD, MO, PA, TN, VA,
and WV and occurring in all states east of Colorado, parts of Canada, as well as the State of Washington on the west coast (excluding, for now, the Dakotas). The Forest Service (USDA) is aware that
beefsteak plant is often planted as showy ornamentals, that
"may readily escape
cultivation, spreading to disturbed areas where they disrupt native ecosystems.
The species has toxic characteristics and very few predators. It is ordinarily
avoided by cattle and has been implicated in cattle poisoning. Plants are most
toxic if cut and dried for hay late in the summer, during seed production. One reason
for beefsteak plants’ survival in pastures is that cattle avoid it. Sold as a
salad plant for its dark purple foliage, this member of the mint family is
extremely invasive by wind-borne seeds."[4]
 |
| Chinese basil or perilla mint - Perilla frutescens http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/poison/plants/ppperil.htm |
Purdue Extension
Service website control recommendations include "...pulling or digging
it up, mowing it, or using herbicides. 2,4-D, Milestone®, Forefront®, Weedmaster®,
and glyphosate." Dr. Imlay, however,
notes an ominous sign that control of Perilla
frutescens, as well as control of Japanese stiltgrass, Microsteigum virineum Camus 1921[1922], is becoming much more
difficult. Imlay told me that he and his volunteers removed 100% of the
beefsteak plants by hand pulling until 2010 when many newly emergent patches in
open space and lightly shaded areas emerged. He also noted that existing patches of Perilla frutescens no longer
declined by ~80 % each year in 'weeded' sections of the park as they had in previous
years.
"In
2010," Imlay said, " I switched to herbicide treatment and sprayed 20
gallons. A great reduction occurred in 2011 and I only had to spray 2.2 gallons
along with modest hand pulling. However, in 2012 many new patches appeared, all
of which were treated or hand pulled. But this year many, many new and expanded
patches have appeared increasing the coverage of beefsteak plant from about
1/10 th acre to about 1/2 acre. As of
September 6 we have already sprayed 60 gallons and only sprayed about half of
the beefsteak plant."
While
preventing and introduction is the first line of defense, even the best
prevention efforts will not stop all harmful invasive species. In the case of
beefsteak plant, however, preventing its introduction has been off the table
for over 200 years. However using the tools of IPM (Integrated Pest Management),
such as early detection and rapid response (EDRR), at a local level can greatly
support effective management and even in some cases elimination. EDRR efforts
increase the likelihood that invasions that can lead to establishment and
spread of harmful species will be halted and eradicated. Once a species becomes
widely established in an ecosystem, the only action possible is the partial
mitigation of negative impacts. Based on the work of the ISAC/NISC EDRR
Subcommittee, NISC has approved Guidelines for Early Detection and Rapid Response.
Additional References
Ali, S.I., Raven, P.H. &
Hoch, P., 2012. Flora of Pakistan Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. tropicos.org
Flora of Pakistan. Available at:
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200019964
[Accessed April 2, 2012].
Brenner, D.M., 1993. Perilla:
Botany, uses and genetic resources. In J. Janick & J. E. Simon, eds. New
Crops. New York, NY USA: John. Wiley & sons, inc., pp. 322–328.
Available at: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-322.html.
Britton, N.L., 1894. List of
Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing without Cultivation in Northeastern
North America. Committee of the Botanical Club American Association for the
Advancement of Science, ed. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club, 5(18),
p.277. Available at: http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31876217 [Accessed
April 2, 2012].
Britton, N.L. & Brown,
A., 1898. An illustrated flora of the northern United States: Canada and the
British possessions from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary
of Virginia, and from the Atlantic ocean westward to the 102d meridian, C.
Scribner’s Sons. Available at: http://books.google.com/books?id=uHdXAAAAMAAJ.
Brouillet, L., Coursol;, F.
& Favreau, M., 2012. VASCAN. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada
(VASCAN). Available at: http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/6430
[Accessed April 3, 2012].
Burton, R.H., 1933. Perilla
frutescens; North America; USA; Connecticut; Middlesex County. Yale Peabody
Museum of Natural History. Available at:
http://peabody.research.yale.edu/cgi-bin/Query.Ledger?LE=bot&ID=irn
1385009&SU=0 [Accessed April 2, 2012].
Chen, J. et al., 1997. Plant
Distribution and Diversity Across an Ozark Landscape, Available at:
http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/gtr/gtr_nc227/gtr_nc227_045.pdf.
Douce, G.K. et al., 2005.
Invasive.org: a Web-based Image Archive and Database System Focused on North
American Exotic and Invasive Species. In K. W. Gottschalk, ed. Proceedings,
XV U.S. Department of Agriculture interagency research forum on gypsy moth and
other invasive species 2004. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Northeastern Research Station.
Dӧnmez, A.A., 2002. Perilla:
a New Genus for Turkey. Turk J Bot, 26, pp.281–283. Available at:
http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/issues/bot-02-26-4/bot-26-4-9-0109-1.pdf.
Eames, E.H., 1916. Perilla
frutescens; North America; USA; Connecticut; Fairfield County. Yale Peabody
Museum of Natural History. Available at:
http://peabody.research.yale.edu/cgi-bin/Query.Ledger?LE=bot&ID=irn
1385010&SU=0 [Accessed April 2, 2012].
Everest, J.W., Powe Jr., T.A.
& Freeman, J.D., 2006. Poisonous Plants of the Southeastern United States,
Available at: http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0975/ANR-0975.pdf.
Forest Health Staff, 2005.
Beefsteak Plant: Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.
GBIF ed., 2012. GBIF. In Global
Biodiversity Information Facility. Available at: http://data.gbif.org/search/Perilla/India
[Accessed April 4, 2012].
Harger, E.B., 1901. Perilla
frutescens; North America; USA; Connecticut; New Haven County. Yale Peabody
Museum of Natural History. Available at:
http://peabody.research.yale.edu/cgi-bin/Query.Ledger?LE=bot&ID=irn 1379606&SU=0
[Accessed April 2, 2012].
Honda, G. et al., 1994.
Genetic control of geranial formation in Perilla frutescens. Biochemical
Genetics, 32(5-6), pp.155–159.
Hwang, L.S., 1997.
Anthocyanins from Perilla. In H.-C. Yu, K. Kosuna, & M. Haga, eds. Perilla;
the genus Perilla. Harwood Academy Publishers, p. 171.
Kim, K.-H. et al., 2004.
Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Perilla frutescens. Plant
Cell Reports, 23(6), pp.386–390.
Kral, R. et al., 2012.
Perilla frutescens. Alabama Plant Atlas. Available at:
http://www.floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=2435 [Accessed April 2, 2012].
Lee, H.R. et al., 1995.
Foraging activities and pollination efficacies of the pollinators on the hot
pepper (Capsicum annuum), the perilla (Perilla frutescens var. japonica) and
the sesame (Sesamum orientale). Korean Journal of Agriculture, 10(2),
pp.117–122.
Li, X. & Hedge, I.C.,
2008. Flora of China Perilla frutescens (Linnaeus) Britton. eFloras.org,
7. Available at: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019964
[Accessed April 2, 2012].
Masumoto, N. & Ito, M.,
2010. Germination rates of perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) mericarps
stored at 4 degrees C for 1-20 years. Journal of natural medicines,
64(3), pp.378–382.
Negi, V.S. et al., 2011.
Perilla frutescens in Transition: a medicinal and oil yielding plant need
instant conservation, a case study from Central Himalaya, India. Environ. We
Int. J. Sci. Tech., 6, pp.193–200. Available at:
http://www.ewijst.org/issues/vol_6/ewijst060433059.pdf.
Press, J.R., Shrestha, K.K.
& Sutton, D.A., 2000. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. eFloras.org
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal. Available at:
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=200019964
[Accessed April 2, 2012].
Ragazinskiene, O. et al.,
2006. The influence of meteorological factors on growth and vegetation process
of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton in Lithuania. Medicina Kaunas Lithuania,
42(8), pp.667–672.
Roecklein, J.C. & Leung,
P., 1987. A Profile of Economic Plants, New Brunswixk, New Jersey, USA:
Transaction Publishers.
Schnitzler, Schirrmacher,
W.H.G. & Grassmann, J., 2006. Perilla frutescens: A vegetable and herb for
a healthy diet M. L. Chadha, G. Kuo, & C. L. L. Gowda, eds. 1st
International Conference on Indigenous Vegetables and Legumes Prospectus for
Fighting Poverty Hunger and Malnutrition, (752), pp.143–146.
Steckel, L. & Rhodes, N.,
Perilla Mint. Available at:
https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W135.pdf.
UMass Extension, Growing Tips
22: Annuals for the Shade. Available at:
http://extension.umass.edu/floriculture/sites/floriculture/files/fact-sheets/retail-factsheets/FS22AnnualsForShade.pdf.
USDA ARS, 2012. GRIN. National
Genetic Resources Program. Available at:
http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?27364 [Accessed April 2,
2012].
USDA ARS GRIN, 2013.
Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Germplasm Resources
Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
Available at: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?316751
[Accessed March 5, 2012].
USDA ARS National Genetic
Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, M.,
USDA ARS GRIN & USDA ARS, 2012. Taxon: Phyllostachys aurea Rivière & C.
Rivière. Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm
Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available at:
http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?27364 [Accessed March 5,
2012].
USDA NRCS, 2013. The PLANTS
Database National Plant Data Team, ed. USDA National Plant Data Team;
Available at: http://plants.usda.gov [Accessed December 1, 2011].
Wada, K.C., Kondo, H. &
Takeno, K., 2010. Obligatory short-day plant, Perilla frutescens var. crispa
can flower in response to low-intensity light stress under long-day conditions.
Physiologia Plantarum, 138(3), pp.339–345.
Yu, H.-C., Kosuna, K. &
Haga, M. eds., 1997. Perilla: the genus Perilla, Harwood Academic
Publishers.
Zheng, H. et al., 2006.
Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Invasive Plants of Asian Origin
Established in the United States and Their Natural Enemies. Biological
Control, 1(March), p.160. Available at:
http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20067203583.html.
 |
| Perilla frutescens Photographer: John D. Byrd Source: Mississippi State University |
| ppi State University |
[1]
Britton, N. L. & Brown, A., 1898. An illustrated flora of the northern
United States: Canada and the British possessions from Newfoundland to the
parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic ocean
westward to the 102d meridian, C. Scribner’s Sons.
[2]
M'Mahon, B., 1804. Seed Catalogue. in:
Special Collections of USDA ARS NAL,
Beltsville, Maryland.
[3] Imlay,
M., 2013. 'Spray log: Swann Park, Maryland October 1998'. personal
communication with John Peter Thompson
see
also
Kobell, R., April 30, 2012. Weed warrior Marc Imlay leads the battle to conquer invading plants. Bay
Journal. accessed Sept 18, 2013 ] http://www.bayjournal.com/article/weed_warrior_marc_imlay_leads_the_battle_to_conquer_invading_plants
[4]"Weed
of the Week" http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/beefsteak-plant.pdf
Produced by the USDA Forest Service,
Forest Health Staff, Newtown Square, PA. WOW 01-23-05 Invasive Plants website:
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants
